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Early diet quality in a longitudinal study of Australian children: Associations with nutrition and body mass index later in childhood and adolescence

The aims of this study were to determine whether early childhood dietary quality was associated with infant and adolescent nutrition, and body mass index.

Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines

Information from the Healthy Pregnancy & Me brochure for health professionals on what the recommended guidelines are for gestational weight gain.

How immunity shapes the long-term dynamics of influenza H3N2

Since its emergence in 1968, influenza A H3N2 has caused yearly epidemics in temperate regions. While infection confers immunity against antigenically similar strains, new antigenically distinct strains that evade existing immunity regularly emerge ('antigenic drift'). Immunity at the individual level is complex, depending on an individual's lifetime infection history.

A surge in serum mucosal cytokines associated with seroconversion in children at risk for type 1 diabetes

Autoantibodies to pancreatic islet antigens identify young children at high risk of type 1 diabetes. On a background of genetic susceptibility, islet autoimmunity is thought to be driven by environmental factors, of which enteric viruses are prime candidates.

Updating estimates of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria risk in response to changing land use patterns across Southeast Asia

Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic parasite that causes malaria in humans. The pathogen has a natural host reservoir in certain macaque species and is transmitted to humans via mosquitoes of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group. The risk of human P. knowlesi infection varies across Southeast Asia and is dependent upon environmental factors. 

Challenges in the case-based surveillance of infectious diseases

To effectively inform infectious disease control strategies, accurate knowledge of the pathogen's transmission dynamics is required. Since the timings of infections are rarely known, estimates of the infection incidence, which is crucial for understanding the transmission dynamics, often rely on measurements of other quantities amenable to surveillance.

Prenatal exposure to maternal, but not paternal, tobacco smoking is associated with smoking in adolescence

Mounting epidemiological evidence suggests an association between prenatal tobacco exposure and an increased risk of tobacco smoking in offspring. However, it is uncertain whether the association is due to the intrauterine or shared environmental exposures. Study participants were from the Raine Study, a prospective birth cohort study based in Perth, Western Australia (N = 2730). Tobacco smoking in adolescents, at age 17 years, was measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of tobacco smoking in offspring exposed to maternal prenatal tobacco use during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. We have also calculated the E-values to investigate the potential effect of unmeasured confounding. Paternal smoking during pregnancy was used as a negative control for comparison.

Comprehensive investigation of congenital anomalies in cerebral palsy: Protocol for a European-Australian population-based data linkage study

The aim of this study is to generate new knowledge about the aetiologies of CP through a focused investigation into the role of congenital anomalies

No simple answers for the Finnish and Russian Karelia allergy contrast: Methylation of CD14 gene

The methylation variation in the promoter region of CD14 gene did not explain the asthma and allergy contrast between Finnish and Russian Karelian children

A special supplement: Findings from the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register, birth years 1993 to 2006

A downward trend in rates of CP in those born extremely preterm was evident over at least three consecutive periods across all three regions.