Andrew Whitehouse
Angela Wright Bennett Professor of Autism Research at The Kids Research Institute Australia; Director, CliniKids
PhD
andrew.whitehouse@telethonkids.org.au
Andrew Whitehouse is the Angela Wright Bennett Professor of Autism Research and the Director of CliniKids at The Kids Research Institute Australia. He is also the Research Strategy Director of the Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC). Prior to coming to The Kids Research Institute Australia, Andrew was a Junior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford.
At The Kids Research Institute Australia, he leads a network of clinical centres (called CliniKids) for children with neurodevelopmental differences that embeds clinical trials within everyday community practice. Andrew has published over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and attracted over $80 million in competitive research grants. He currently presents an internationally syndicated video series called ’60 Second Science”, which has had over 2 million views. He is an advisor to State and Commonwealth Governments on policies relating to children with Autism Spectrum Conditions. He chaired the committee that generated Australia’s first national guideline for autism diagnosis, and co-chaired the committee that developed Australia’s first national guideline for early therapies and supports for autistic children.
Andrew has published one edited book with his twin-brother (Ben), and a popular science book that examined the science behind some of the myths of pregnancy and child development (Will Mozart Make My Baby Smart?). He has also been awarded a Eureka Prize for his research, and is the youngest person ever elected to Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences. In 2023, he was a Western Australian of the Year award winner.
Projects
Impact for Tourette’s
Impact for Tourette’s is Australia’s first national project evaluating the unmet needs of people with Tourette syndrome and other tic conditions.
February 2024
ORIGINS of Neurodevelopmental Risk and Resilience
This project aims to better understand the early genetic and environmental factors that the developing brain during a child’s first five years of life.
Implementation of the National Guideline for the Assessment and Diagnosis of ASD in Australia – Health Sector Capacity Building
The Proactive Study
October 2021
The CliniBank Study: A research project to improve future clinical supports for children experiencing developmental difficulties
A randomised-controlled trial of a parent-mediated intervention for managing uncertainty in young children diagnosed on the autism spectrum
Effect of an exercise intervention (Move2Engage: Youth) on activity levels, quality of sleep and mental health outcomes in children and youth with movement difficulties
A randomised-controlled trial of a behavioural intervention for optimising social and communication development in newborns at increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorders
Assistance and Companion Dogs for children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fragile X
Raine Study - Senses Special Interest Group
September 2020
Precision pathways for young children at risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Early identification and adaptive intervention starting from the prenatal period
Working towards a shared framework in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders in Australia: A Gap Analysis
The Engage Study: discovering and delighting in your baby - a pilot study
TALK (Testosterone and Language in Kids) Study
THINK BIG - Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Characterising quality of life and its determinants for children with intellectual disability and their families
Impact for DCD
July 2020
Multigenerational Familial and Environmental Risk for Autism (MINERvA) Network
The MINERvA Network will allow more accurate and precise determination of the contributions of familial and environmental factors to the etiology of autism.
Published research
Parent-reported Areas of Greatest Challenge for their ADHD and/or Autistic Children
This study aimed to understand how parents describe the most challenging behaviors exhibited by their children diagnosed with autism and/or ADHD, how those behaviours impact their family, and whether challenges are directly related to the core characteristics of these conditions.
Low-intensity parent- and clinician-delivered support for young autistic children in Aotearoa New Zealand: a randomised controlled trial
Aotearoa New Zealand does not provide publicly-funded intensive autism support. While parent-mediated supports are promising, children and families may also benefit from direct clinician support. We tested the efficacy of a low-intensity programme involving parent- and clinician-delivered support for autistic children.
Empathy and Autism: Establishing the Structure and Different Manifestations of Empathy in Autistic Individuals Using the Perth Empathy Scale
There is a common mischaracterisation that autistic individuals have reduced or absent empathy. Measurement issues may have influenced existing findings on the relationships between autism and empathy, and the structure of the empathy construct in autism remains unclear.
Autistic and autism community perspectives on infant and family support in the first two years of life: Findings from a community consultation survey
Most support programmes for Autistic children are available only after they are diagnosed. Research suggests that parenting supports may be helpful for parents and their infants, when provided in the first 2 years of life - before a formal diagnosis is given, but when information suggests an infant is more likely to be Autistic. However, we do not know how acceptable these types of supports might be to the Autistic and autism communities.
Harmonizing the CBCL and SDQ ADHD scores by using linear equating, kernel equating, item response theory and machine learning methods
A problem that applied researchers and practitioners often face is the fact that different institutions within research consortia use different scales to evaluate the same construct which makes comparison of the results and pooling challenging.
Support Preferences and Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) in the Clinical Care of Autistic Children: Stakeholder Perspectives
Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are increasingly utilised within healthcare settings to enhance decision making. However, few studies have investigated their application in the context of clinical services for autistic people, with no research to date exploring the perspectives of the key stakeholders who are, or in the future may be, impacted by their use.
Absence of association between maternal adverse events and long-term gut microbiome outcomes in the Australian autism biobank
Maternal immune activation and prenatal maternal stress are well-studied risk factors for psychiatric conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. Animal studies have proposed the gut microbiome as a mechanism underlying this association and have found that risk factor-related gut microbiome alterations persist in the adult offspring.
Utilising Behavioural and Sensory Profiles and Associated Perinatal Factors to Identify Meaningful Subgroups in Autism Spectrum Disorder
The heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder clinically and aetiologically hinders intervention matching and prediction of outcomes. This study investigated if the behavioural, sensory, and perinatal factor profiles of autistic children could be used to identify distinct subgroups. Participants on the autism spectrum aged 2 to 17 years and their families were sourced via the Australian Autism Biobank.
Characterising Insistence on Sameness and Circumscribed Interests: A Qualitative Study of Parent Perspectives
Manifestations of insistence on sameness and circumscribed interests are complex, with individuals varying considerably, not only in the types of behaviours they express, but also in terms of a behaviour's frequency, intensity, trajectory, adaptive benefits, and impacts.
Behavioural and neuropsychological outcomes in children exposed in utero to maternal labour epidural analgesia
Recent studies report conflicting results regarding the relationship between labour epidural analgesia (LEA) in mothers and neurodevelopmental disorders in their offspring. We evaluated behavioural and neuropsychological test scores in children of mothers who used LEA.
Reliability, Validity and Acceptability of the PEDI-CAT with ASD Scales for Australian Children and Youth on the Autism Spectrum
The PEDI-CAT (ASD) is used to assess functioning of children and youth on the autism spectrum; however, current psychometric evidence is limited. This study aimed to explore the reliability, validity and acceptability of the PEDI-CAT (ASD) using a large Australian sample.
Community perspectives on the appropriateness and importance of support goals for young autistic children
Researchers do not know much about what autistic adults, parents and professionals think about support goals for young autistic children. People's views of support goals might also be influenced by their beliefs about early support more generally. This survey involved 87 autistic adults, 159 parents of autistic children and 80 clinical professionals living in New Zealand and Australia.
Parent-reported atypical development in the first year of life and age of autism diagnosis
This study examined whether parent-reported atypical development in their child's first year was associated with age of diagnosis and age when parents first needed to consult a specialist about their child's development.
Identification of subgroups of children in the Australian Autism Biobank using latent class analysis
The identification of reproducible subtypes within autistic populations is a priority research area in the context of neurodevelopment, to pave the way for identification of biomarkers and targeted treatment recommendations. Few previous studies have considered medical comorbidity alongside behavioural, cognitive, and psychiatric data in subgrouping analyses.
Characterizing restricted and unusual interests in autistic youth
A broad range of interests characterized by unusual content and/or intensity, labeled as circumscribed interests are a core diagnostic feature of autism. Recent evidence suggests that a distinction can be drawn between interests that, although characterized by unusually high intensity and/or inflexibility, are otherwise common in terms of their content (e.g., an interest in movies or animals), labeled as restricted interests and interests that are generally not salient outside of autism (e.g., an interest in traffic lights or categorization), labeled as unusual interests.
Profiles of circumscribed interests in autistic youth
Circumscribed interests encompass a range of different interests and related behaviors that can be characterized by either a high intensity but otherwise usual topic [referred to as restricted interests] or by a focus on topics that are not salient outside of autism [referred to as unusual interests].
Investigating Parental Observations of Early Autism Development in Simplex and Multiplex Families
Past research has highlighted the importance of early identification of developmental differences to improve targeted access to early interventions or supports. As such, it is of particular importance in the context of children at elevated likelihood of autism (such as where an older sibling has a diagnosis of autism), to better understand when and which early concerns are important as predictors of which children will benefit from pre-diagnostic supports.
Genome-Wide Analyses of Vocabulary Size in Infancy and Toddlerhood: Associations With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Literacy, and Cognition-Related Traits
The number of words children produce (expressive vocabulary) and understand (receptive vocabulary) changes rapidly during early development, partially due to genetic factors. Here, we performed a meta-genome-wide association study of vocabulary acquisition and investigated polygenic overlap with literacy, cognition, developmental phenotypes, and neurodevelopmental conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Investigating the impact of developmental coordination difficulties across home, school, and community settings: Findings from the Australian Impact for DCD survey
To evaluate the participation difficulties experienced by children with developmental coordination disorder in home, school, and community environments.
Feasibility of a 2-minute eye-tracking protocol to support the early identification of autism
We tested the potential for Gazefinder eye-tracking to support early autism identification, including feasible use with infants, and preliminary concurrent validity of trial-level gaze data against clinical assessment scores. We embedded the ~ 2-min 'Scene 1S4' protocol within a comprehensive clinical assessment for 54 consecutively-referred, clinically-indicated infants (prematurity-corrected age 9-14 months).
The valence-specific empathy imbalance hypothesis of autism: The role of autistic traits, alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, and gender differences
Individuals exhibiting pronounced autistic traits (e.g., social differences and specialised interests) may struggle with cognitive empathy (i.e., the ability to infer others' emotions), although the relationship with affective empathy (i.e., the ability to share others' emotions) is less clear in that higher levels of autistic traits may be linked with increased affective empathy for negative emotions but reduced affective empathy for positive emotions. The current study investigates this empathy profile and whether alexithymia and emotion dysregulation help to explain it.
Do parent-reported early indicators predict later developmental language disorder? A Raine Study investigation
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental conditions. Due to variable rates of language growth in children under 5 years, the early identification of children with DLD is challenging. Early indicators are often outlined by speech pathology regulatory bodies and other developmental services as evidence to empower caregivers in the early identification of DLD.
The first six months of life: A systematic review of early markers associated with later autism
There is now good evidence that behavioural signs of autism spectrum conditions (autism) emerge over the first two years of life. Identifying clear developmental differences early in life may facilitate earlier identification and intervention that can promote longer-term quality of life. Here we present a systematic review of studies investigating behavioural markers of later autism diagnosis or symptomology taken at 0-6 months.
Commentary: A spectrum for all? A response to Green et al. (2023), neurodiversity, autism and health care
The broadening of the clinical definition of autism over time-the so-called, autism spectrum-has run in parallel with the growth of a neurodiversity movement that has reframed the concept of autism entirely. Without a coherent and evidence-based framework through which both of these advances can be situated, the field is at risk of losing definition altogether.
Arriving at the empirically based conceptualization of restricted and repetitive behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analytic examination of factor analyses
An empirically based understanding of the factor structure of the restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) domain is a prerequisite for interpreting studies attempting to understand the correlates and mechanisms underpinning RRB and for measurement development. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of RRB factor analytic studies.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children after prenatal marijuana exposure
The effect of prenatal marijuana exposure on child neurodevelopment remains poorly understood. Prior studies have demonstrated inconsistent results.
Parent-Child Interactions May Help to Explain Relations Between Parent Characteristics and Clinically Observed Child Autistic Behaviours
The importance of supporting parent-child interactions has been noted in the context of prodromal autism, but little consideration has been given to the possible contributing role of parental characteristics, such as psychological distress. This cross-sectional study tested models in which parent-child interaction variables mediated relations between parent characteristics and child autistic behaviour in a sample of families whose infant demonstrated early signs of autism.
Interactions between the lipidome and genetic and environmental factors in autism
Autism omics research has historically been reductionist and diagnosis centric, with little attention paid to common co-occurring conditions (for example, sleep and feeding disorders) and the complex interplay between molecular profiles and neurodevelopment, genetics, environmental factors and health. Here we explored the plasma lipidome in 765 children (485 diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)) within the Australian Autism Biobank.
Assessing Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours in Online-Sampled Autistic and Non-autistic Individuals: Factor Structure of the Repetitive Behaviours Questionnaire for Adults (RBQ-2A)
The Repetitive Behaviours Questionnaire for Adults (RBQ-2A) measures two factors of restricted and repetitive behaviours (RRBs) associated with autism. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides four criteria for RRBs: repetitive motor behaviours, insistence on sameness, restricted interests, and interest in sensory aspects of the environment (or atypical sensitivity).
Estimated Therapy Costs and Downstream Cost Consequences of iBASIS-Video Interaction to Promote Positive Parenting Intervention vs Usual Care Among Children Displaying Early Behavioral Signs of Autism in Australia
The growing global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is associated with increasing costs for support services. Ascertaining the effects of a successful preemptive intervention for infants showing early behavioral signs of autism on human services budgets is highly policy relevant.
Reliability of the Commonly Used and Newly-Developed Autism Measures
The aim of the present study was to compare scale and conditional reliability derived from item response theory analyses among the most commonly used, as well as several newly developed, observation, interview, and parent-report autism instruments.
Anesthetic Exposure During Childhood and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Clinical studies of neurodevelopmental outcomes after anesthetic exposure have evaluated a range of outcomes with mixed results.
Modelling quality of life in children with intellectual disability using regression trees
To identify factors associated with quality of life (QoL) in children with intellectual disability. We aimed to identify patterns of association not observable in previous hypothesis-driven regression modelling using the same data set from a cross-sectional observational study.
Discovery of 42 genome-wide significant loci associated with dyslexia
Reading and writing are crucial life skills but roughly one in ten children are affected by dyslexia, which can persist into adulthood. Family studies of dyslexia suggest heritability up to 70%, yet few convincing genetic markers have been found.
A Parent-Mediated Intervention for Newborns at Familial Likelihood of Autism: Initial Feasibility Study in the General Population
Developmental theory and previous studies support the potential value of prodromal interventions for infants at elevated likelihood of developing autism. Past research has supported the efficacy of parent-mediated prodromal therapies with infants from as early as 7 months. We outline the rationale for implementing interventions following this model from even earlier in development and report on the feasibility of a novel intervention developed following this model of parent-mediated infant interventions.
How we measure language skills of children at scale: A call to move beyond domain-specific tests as a proxy for language
The aim of this research note is to encourage child language researchers and clinicians to give careful consideration to the use of domain-specific tests as a proxy for language; particularly in the context of large-scale studies and for the identification of language disorder in clinical practice.
Parent-child interaction and developmental outcomes in children with typical and elevated likelihood of autism
Early parent-child interactions have a critical impact on the developmental outcomes of the child. It has been reported that infants with a family history of autism and their parents may engage in different patterns of behaviours during interaction compared to those without a family history of autism. This study investigated the association of parent-child interactions with child developmental outcomes of those with typical and elevated likelihood of autism.
Language and reading impairments are associated with increased prevalence of non-right-handedness
Handedness has been studied for association with language-related disorders because of its link with language hemispheric dominance. No clear pattern has emerged, possibly because of small samples, publication bias, and heterogeneous criteria across studies.
Parent experiences of their children’s diagnosis with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or both conditions
A comparison of parents’ experiences of getting a diagnosis for their child with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and both diagnoses can inform our understanding of common and unique themes across these neurodevelopmental conditions.
The Utility of Natural Language Samples for Assessing Communication and Language in Infants Referred with Early Signs of Autism
Natural Language Sampling (NLS) offers clear potential for communication and language assessment, where other data might be difficult to interpret. We leveraged existing primary data for 18-month-olds showing early signs of autism, to examine the reliability and concurrent construct validity of NLS-derived measures coded from video-of child language, parent linguistic input, and dyadic balance of communicative interaction-against standardised assessment scores. Using Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) software and coding conventions, masked coders achieved good-to-excellent inter-rater agreement across all measures.
Caregiver sensitivity predicts infant language use, and infant language complexity predicts caregiver language complexity, in the context of possible emerging autism
While theory supports bidirectional effects between caregiver sensitivity and language use, and infant language acquisition-both caregiver-to-infant and also infant-to-caregiver effects-empirical research has chiefly explored the former unidirectional path. In the context of infants showing early signs of autism, we investigated prospective bidirectional associations with 6-min free-play interaction samples collected for 103 caregivers and their infants (mean age 12-months; and followed up 6-months later).
Perceived Support Needs of School-Aged Young People on the Autism Spectrum and Their Caregivers
With increasing demands for health, disability and education services, innovative approaches can help distribute limited resources according to need. Despite an increased focus on support needs within the clinical pathway and policy landscape, the body of research knowledge on this topic is at a relatively early stage. However, there appears to be a sense of unmet support needs and dissatisfaction with the provision of required support following an autism diagnosis amongst caregivers of young people on the spectrum.
Continuity of temperament subgroup classifications from infancy to toddlerhood in the context of early autism traits
Our previous cross-sectional investigation (Chetcuti et al., 2020) showed that infants with autism traits could be divided into distinct subgroups based on temperament. This longitudinal study builds on this existing work by exploring the continuity of temperament subgroup classifications and their associations with behavioral/clinical phenotypic features from infancy to toddlerhood.
Australian Clinicians’ Considerations When Choosing an Assessment of Functioning Tool for Children with Neurodevelopmental Conditions
In the Australian disability context, the assessment of children with neurodevelopmental conditions’ functioning (across all domains) is of increasing importance, particularly since the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Currently, there is wide variability across assessment of functioning practices, including the choice and use of published tools for assessment.
Hypothesis-driven genome-wide association studies provide novel insights into genetics of reading disabilities
Reading Disability is often characterized by difficulties in the phonology of the language. While the molecular mechanisms underlying it are largely undetermined, loci are being revealed by genome-wide association studies.
Improving the Journey Before, During and After Diagnosis of a Neurodevelopmental Condition: Suggestions from a Sample of Australian Consumers and Professionals
The current study used a transdiagnostic approach to explore experiences of consumers and professionals on how the process of assessing and diagnosing neurodevelopmental conditions can be improved.
An Evaluation of the Overall Utility of Measures of Functioning Suitable for School-Aged Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Scoping Review
A diagnosis of an autism spectrum condition (autism) provides limited information regarding an individual’s level of functioning, information key in determining support and funding needs.
The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction in young children with autism: a randomized clinical trial
Early supports to enhance social development in children with autism are widely promoted. While oxytocin has a crucial role in mammalian social development, its potential role as a medication to enhance social development in humans remains unclear.
The use of language in autism research
The past three decades have seen a major shift in our understanding of the strong links between autism and identity. These developments have called for careful consideration of the language used to describe autism.
“It Was Such a Different Experience”: a Qualitative Study of Parental Perinatal Experiences When Having a Subsequent Child After Having a Child Diagnosed with Autism
Children who have an older sibling diagnosed with autism have an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with autism or developing broader developmental difficulties. This study explored perinatal experiences of parents of a child diagnosed with autism, spanning pre-conception until the subsequent child’s early developmental period.
Non-pharmacological interventions for autistic children: An umbrella review
The breadth of available non-pharmacological interventions for autistic children, with varying evidence for efficacy summarised in multiple systematic reviews, creates challenges for parents, practitioners, and policymakers in navigating the research evidence. In this article, we report the findings of an umbrella review of 58 systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions for autistic children (aged 0–12 years).
Evaluation of Low-intensity Therapist-Delivered Intervention in Addition to Parent Coaching for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Parents are often expected to be the primary implementers of intervention for their young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The provision of a few hours a week of intervention by a trained therapist, in addition to parent-implemented intervention, could increase child outcomes compared to parent-implemented intervention in isolation.
A systematic review of the biological, social, and environmental determinants of intellectual disability in children and adolescents
This systematic review aimed to identify the most important social, environmental, biological, and/or genetic risk factors for intellectual disability.
A longitudinal examination of perinatal testosterone, estradiol and vitamin D as predictors of handedness outcomes in childhood and adolescence
The developmental origins of handedness remain elusive, though very early emergence suggests individual differences manifesting in utero could play an important role. Prenatal testosterone and Vitamin D exposure are considered, yet findings and interpretations remain equivocal.
A genome-wide association study of total child psychiatric problems scores
Substantial genetic correlations have been reported across psychiatric disorders and numerous cross-disorder genetic variants have been detected. To identify the genetic variants underlying general psychopathology in childhood, we performed a genome-wide association study using a total psychiatric problem score.
Harmonized Phenotypes for Anxiety, Depression, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
In multi-cohort consortia, the problem often arises that a phenotype is measured using different questionnaires. This study aimed to harmonize scores based on the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for anxiety/depression and ADHD.
Quality of life beyond diagnosis in intellectual disability – Latent profiling
To compare quality of life (QOL) across diagnoses associated with intellectual disability, construct QOL profiles and evaluate membership by diagnostic group, function and comorbidities.
Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people
The use of spoken and written language is a fundamental human capacity. Individual differences in reading- and language-related skills are influenced by genetic variation, with twin-based heritability estimates of 30 to 80% depending on the trait. The genetic architecture is complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial, but investigations of contributions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were thus far underpowered.
Devising a Missing Data Rule for a Quality of Life Questionnaire - A Simulation Study
The aim of this study was to devise an evidence-based missing data rule for the Quality of Life Inventory-Disability (QI-Disability) questionnaire specifying how many missing items are permissible for domain and total scores to be calculated using simple imputation.
The prevalence of and potential risk factors for Developmental Language Disorder at 10 years in the Raine Study
This study sought to determine the prevalence of Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) in Australian school-aged children and associated potential risk factors for DLD at 10 years.
Patterns of sensory modulation by age and sex in young people on the autism spectrum
Sensory modulation symptoms form a diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder and are associated with significant daily functional limitations. Utilizing caregiver report on Short Sensory Profile-2 (SSP-2) for 919 autistic children (3–14.11 years), we examined the expression of sensory modulation symptoms by age and sex and investigated the existence of specific sensory modulation subtypes.
Dental care experiences and clinical phenotypes in children on the autism spectrum
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder may be at higher likelihood of experiencing poorer oral health and difficulties accessing dental health care. However, identifying which children on the autism spectrum may be more vulnerable to experiencing dental care difficulties is still unknown.
Genome-wide Association Meta-analysis of Childhood and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms
To investigate the genetic architecture of internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence.
An investigation of a novel broad autism phenotype: increased facial masculinity among parents of children on the autism spectrum
The broad autism phenotype commonly refers to sub-clinical levels of autistic-like behaviour and cognition presented in biological relatives of autistic people. In a recent study, we reported findings suggesting that the broad autism phenotype may also be expressed in facial morphology, specifically increased facial masculinity.
Age of Diagnosis for Co-occurring Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Childhood and Adolescence: a Systematic Review
Early identification and intervention are recognised as important elements of the clinical pathway for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children with ASD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be diagnosed at a different age than children who only have one of these diagnoses.
Toward better characterization of restricted and unusual interests in youth with autism
Despite being highly prevalent among people with autism, restricted and unusual interests remain under-researched and poorly understood. This article confirms that restricted interests are very frequent and varied among children and adolescents with autism. It also further extends current knowledge in this area by characterizing the relationship between the presence, number, and type of restricted interests with chronological age, sex, cognitive functioning, and social and communication symptoms.
Facial asymmetry in parents of children on the autism spectrum
Greater facial asymmetry has been consistently found in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relative to children without ASD. There is substantial evidence that both facial structure and the recurrence of ASD diagnosis are highly heritable within a nuclear family. Furthermore, sub-clinical levels of autistic-like behavioural characteristics have also been reported in first-degree relatives of individuals with ASD, commonly known as the 'broad autism phenotype'.
Modifiable child and caregiver factors that influence community participation among children with Down syndrome
To investigate modifiable child and caregiver factors influencing community participation among children with Down syndrome.
Maternal immune-related conditions during pregnancy may be a risk factor for neuropsychiatric problems in offspring throughout childhood and adolescence
Emerging research suggests that maternal immune activation (MIA) may be associated with an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental and mental health outcomes in offspring. Using data from the Raine Study, we investigated whether MIA during pregnancy was associated with increased behavioral and emotional problems in offspring longitudinally across development.
Parent-reported Early Atypical Development and Age of Diagnosis for Children with Co-occurring Autism and ADHD
Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur. This survey of 288 New Zealand parents of children diagnosed with autism, ADHD, or both conditions, examined the relations between age of diagnosis and early atypical development, the age specialist consultation was needed and types of specialists seen.
Content validation of common measures of functioning for young children against the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and Code and Core Sets relevant to neurodevelopmental conditions
Young children who have developmental delay, autism, or other neurodevelopmental conditions can have difficulties doing things in different areas of their life. What they can and cannot do is called their level of functioning. There are lots of assessment measures that aim to assess functioning.
Exploring the Experience of Seeking an Autism Diagnosis as an Adult
Emerging research suggests that seeking an autism diagnosis as an adult is usually difficult and time-consuming but brings relief once a diagnosis is made. This study explored the experience of the pathway to an autism diagnosis during adulthood for adults living in Australia.
Get it right, make it easy, see it all: Viewpoints of autistic individuals and parents of autistic individuals about the autism diagnostic process in Australia
The clinical process for being evaluated for an autism diagnosis is often time consuming and stressful for individuals and their caregivers. While experience of and satisfaction with the diagnostic process has been reviewed in the literature, few studies have directly investigated the viewpoints of individuals diagnosed with autism and caregivers of autistic individuals about what is important in the autism diagnostic process.
Caregiver Psychological Distress Predicts Temperament and Social-Emotional Outcomes in Infants with Autism Traits
Child temperament and caregiver psychological distress have been independently associated with social-emotional difficulties among individuals with autism. However, the interrelationship among these risk factors has rarely been investigated.
A national harmonised data collection network for neurodevelopmental disorders: A transdiagnostic assessment protocol for neurodevelopment, mental health, functioning and well-being
Children with neurodevelopmental disorders share common phenotypes, support needs and comorbidities. Such overlap suggests the value of transdiagnostic assessment pathways that contribute to knowledge about research and clinical needs of these children and their families.
Brief Report: Facial Asymmetry and Autistic-Like Traits in the General Population
Atypical facial morphology, particularly increased facial asymmetry, has been identified in some individuals with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC). Many cognitive, behavioural and biological features associated with ASC also occur on a continuum in the general population.
Investigating associations between birth order and autism diagnostic phenotypes
Birth order effects have been linked to variability in intelligence, educational attainment and sexual orientation. First- and later-born children have been linked to an increased likelihood of an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis, with a smaller body of evidence implicating decreases in cognitive functioning with increased birth order.
Potential role for immune-related genes in autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from genome-wide association meta-analysis of autistic traits
Autism spectrum disorders are complex, with a strong genetic basis. Genetic research in autism spectrum disorders is limited by the fact that these disorders are largely heterogeneous so that patients are variable in their clinical presentations. To address this limitation, we investigated the genetics of individual dimensions of the autism spectrum disorder phenotypes, or autistic-like traits. These autistic-like traits are continuous variations in autistic behaviours that occur in the general population.
Eye Gaze in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Neural Evidence for the Eye Avoidance Hypothesis
Reduced eye contact early in life may play a role in the developmental pathways that culminate in a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. However, there are contradictory theories regarding the neural mechanisms involved. According to the amygdala theory of autism, reduced eye contact results from a hypoactive amygdala that fails to flag eyes as salient. However, the eye avoidance hypothesis proposes the opposite-that amygdala hyperactivity causes eye avoidance. This review evaluated studies that measured the relationship between eye gaze and activity in the 'social brain' when viewing facial stimuli.
Occurrence of psychosis and bipolar disorder in adults with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Evidence suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have increased rates of co-occurring psychosis and/or bipolar disorder. Considering the peak age of onset for psychosis and bipolar disorder occurs in adulthood, we investigated the co-occurrence of these disorders in adults with autism.
Occurrence of psychosis and bipolar disorder in adults with autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Evidence suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have increased rates of co-occurring psychosis and/or bipolar disorder. Considering the peak age of onset for psychosis and bipolar disorder occurs in adulthood, we investigated the co-occurrence of these disorders in adults with autism.
Reporting Both Unadjusted and Adjusted Estimates Is Essential to the Interpretation of Randomized Clinical Trial Results - Reply
Co-design of a neurodevelopment assessment scale: A study protocol
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions with overlapping symptomatology and fluctuating developmental trajectories that transcend current diagnostic categorisation. There is a need for validated screening instruments which dimensionally assess symptomatology from a holistic, transdiagnostic perspective.
Developmental Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Rats Does Not Induce Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension. Epidemiological studies have associated preeclampsia with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, such as autism and schizophrenia. Preeclampsia has also been linked with maternal vitamin D deficiency, another candidate risk factor also associated with autism.
An evidence-based framework for determining the optimal amount of intervention for autistic children
The provision of timely, effective, and socially valid non-pharmacological intervention is at the core of efforts to support the development of young autistic children. These efforts are intended to support children to develop skills, empower their caregivers, and lay the foundation for optimal choice, independence, and quality of life into adulthood.
Autism-related dietary preferences mediate autism-gut microbiome associations
There is increasing interest in the potential contribution of the gut microbiome to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, previous studies have been underpowered and have not been designed to address potential confounding factors in a comprehensive way.
Brain-behavior links in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan
Characterising the Early Presentation of Motor Difficulties in Autistic Children
This study aimed to explore the rates of motor difficulties in children from the Australian Autism Biobank, and how early motor concerns impacted on children functionally.
Evidence that infant and early childhood developmental impairments are associated with hallucinatory experiences: Results from a large, population-based cohort study
Cognitive and motor dysfunction are hallmark features of the psychosis continuum, and have been detected during late childhood and adolescence in youth who report psychotic experiences (PE). However, previous investigations have not explored infancy and early childhood development.
Effect of Preemptive Intervention on Developmental Outcomes Among Infants Showing Early Signs of Autism: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Outcomes to Diagnosis
Intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically commences after diagnosis. No trial of an intervention administered to infants before diagnosis has shown an effect on diagnostic outcomes to date.
Genetic counseling as preventive intervention: toward individual specification of transgenerational autism risk
Although autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are among the most heritable of all neuropsychiatric syndromes, most affected children are born to unaffected parents. Recently, we reported an average increase of 3-5% over general population risk of ASD among offspring of adults who have first-degree relatives with ASD in a large epidemiologic family sample.
Prenatal Exposure to General Anesthesia and Childhood Behavioral Deficit
Exposure to surgery and anesthesia in early childhood has been found to be associated with an increased risk of behavioral deficits. While the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned against prenatal exposure to anesthetic drugs, little clinical evidence exists to support this recommendation.
The effects of JASPER intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Naturalistic developmental behavioural interventions are promising approaches for young children with, or suspected of having, autism spectrum disorder. Joint attention, symbolic play, engagement and regulation intervention (JASPER) is a well-researched naturalistic developmental behavioural intervention but, to date, no reviews have specifically evaluated its effects.
Genetic association study of childhood aggression across raters, instruments, and age
Childhood aggressive behavior (AGG) has a substantial heritability of around 50%. Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAMA) of childhood AGG, in which all phenotype measures across childhood ages from multiple assessors were included. We analyzed phenotype assessments for a total of 328 935 observations from 87 485 children aged between 1.5 and 18 years, while accounting for sample overlap.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in autism spectrum disorder: Protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial
There are no well-established biomedical treatments for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A small number of studies suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, may improve clinical and cognitive outcomes in ASD.
The course and prognostic capability of motor difficulties in infants showing early signs of autism
Delays within the motor domain are often overlooked as an early surveillance marker for autism. The present study evaluated motor difficulties and its potential as an early predictive marker for later autism likelihood in a cohort of infants showing early behavioral signs of autism aged 9-14 months. The motor domain was evaluated using the motor subscales of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning at baseline, and at a 6-month follow-up.
The effect of functioning on Quality of Life Inventory-Disability measured quality of life is not mediated or moderated by parental psychological distress
The measurement of quality of life (QOL) in children with intellectual disability often relies upon proxy report via caregivers. The current study investigated whether caregiver psychological distress mediates or moderates the effects of impairment on their ratings of QOL in children with intellectual disability.
An investigation of adherence to best practice guidelines for autism diagnosis in New Zealand
Many clinicians in New Zealand do not follow guidelines for best practice in autism diagnosis. In this study, we investigated the processes that health professionals in New Zealand follow when diagnosing autistic children and adults. We asked 117 health professionals from a range of services and regions in New Zealand, how they identify and diagnose autism.
The Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI): development and validation of a new measure of autistic traits in the general population
Traits and characteristics qualitatively similar to those seen in diagnosed autism spectrum disorder can be found to varying degrees in the general population. To measure these traits and facilitate their use in autism research, several questionnaires have been developed that provide broad measures of autistic traits [e.g. Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ)]. However, since their development, our understanding of autism has grown considerably, and it is arguable that existing measures do not provide an ideal representation of the trait dimensions currently associated with autism. Our aim was to create a new measure of autistic traits that reflects our current understanding of autism, the Comprehensive Autism Trait Inventory (CATI).
The associations between autistic and communication traits in parents and developmental outcomes in children at familial risk of autism at 6 and 24 months of age
Several studies have explored relationships between parent broader autism phenotype and offspring communication, and have reported that autistic-like traits in parents are related to offspring communication difficulties and autism severity. However, past research has focused on studying such associations in childhood and we know very little about them in infancy. With accumulating evidence that interventions administered during infancy may be most effective in reducing ASD symptoms, it is imperative to examine whether relationships between parent autistic-like traits and child communication appear even earlier during this critical period of life.
Comorbidities and quality of life in children with intellectual disability
Many children with intellectual disability live with medical comorbidities. This study examined the impacts of comorbidities on quality of life (QOL) of children with intellectual disabilities and whether impacts varied with caregiver perceptions that medical needs had been met.
A Survey of Autistic Adults from New Zealand on the Autism Diagnostic Process During Adolescence and Adulthood
The diagnostic experiences of autistic adults in New Zealand have not been investigated and little is known globally about autistic adults' satisfaction with the autism diagnostic process. This study describes the diagnostic experiences of 70 autistic adults living in New Zealand and explores how these experiences are related to satisfaction during three stages of the diagnostic process. The results show that autistic adults were reasonably satisfied with the early query and diagnostic assessment stages, but were dissatisfied with the post-diagnostic support stage, with significant unmet needs. Dissatisfaction during the post-diagnostic support stage was also related to satisfaction during previous stages and poor coordination of supports. Suggestions are made on how to improve the autism diagnostic pathway for autistic adults in New Zealand.
Delayed cortical processing of auditory stimuli in children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of electrophysiological studies
Several researchers have hypothesised that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show encoding delays in their obligatory event-related potentials (ERPs)/ event-related fields (ERFs) for low-level auditory information compared to neurotypical (NT) samples. However, empirical research has yielded varied findings, such as low-level auditory processing in ASD samples being unimpaired, superior, or impaired compared to NT samples. Diverse outcomes have also been reported for studies investigating ASD-NT differences in functional lateralisation of delays.
Mental health difficulties among trans and gender diverse young people with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Findings from Trans Pathways
Recent research highlights an overlap of gender diversity and autism spectrum disorders (ASD); however, data on individuals who are trans and also on the autism spectrum are largely from clinical samples and may not be representative of individuals who are trans with ASD in the general population. In addition, there is scant literature on the mental health of these individuals and their experiences in accessing gender-affirming care.
Temperament in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review
The study of temperament in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has the potential to provide insight regarding variability in the onset, nature, and course of both core and co-morbid symptoms. The aim of this systematic review was to integrate existing findings concerning temperament in the context of ASD. Searches of Medline, PsychInfo and Scopus databases identified 64 relevant studies. As a group, children and adolescents with ASD appear to be temperamentally different from both typically developing and other clinical non-ASD groups, characterized by higher negative affectivity, lower surgency, and lower effortful control at a higher-order level.
Performance of the Autism Observation Scale for Infants with community-ascertained infants showing early signs of autism
We investigated whether a commonly used research assessment - the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI) - accurately measures autism behaviours among infants showing early signs of autism identified within the community. The AOSI is often included in studies tracking the development of infants at increased likelihood of autism, such as the infant siblings of diagnosed children. However, the suitability of this measure has not previously been tested with community-referred infants.
Analysis of common genetic variation and rare CNVs in the Australian Autism Biobank
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition whose biological basis is yet to be elucidated. The Australian Autism Biobank (AAB) is an initiative of the Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) to establish an Australian resource of biospecimens, phenotypes and genomic data for research on autism.
The unmet clinical needs of children with developmental coordination disorder
The aim of this study was to understand the challenges experienced by families obtaining a diagnosis and therapy for developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Parents of 435 children aged 4-18 years with persistent motor difficulties consistent with a diagnosis of DCD completed an online survey. Diagnostic timeline and diagnostic label/s received were examined, along with therapies accessed.
Functioning, participation, and quality of life in children with intellectual disability: an observational study
To investigate associations between functioning, community participation, and quality of life (QoL) and identify whether participation mediates the effects of functioning on QoL.
Do sex hormones at birth predict later-life economic preferences? Evidence from a pregnancy birth cohort study: Hormones at birth and preferences
Economic preferences may be shaped by exposure to sex hormones around birth. Prior studies of economic preferences and numerous other phenotypic characteristics use digit ratios (2D : 4D), a purported proxy for prenatal testosterone exposure, whose validity has recently been questioned. We use direct measures of neonatal sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen), measured from umbilical cord blood (n = 200) to investigate their association with later-life economic preferences (risk preferences, competitiveness, time preferences and social preferences) in an Australian cohort (Raine Study Gen2).
Developmental vitamin D deficiency increases foetal exposure to testosterone
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders which are more common in males. The 'prenatal sex steroid' hypothesis links excessive sex-steroid exposure during foetal life with the behavioural differences observed in ASD. However, the reason why sex steroid exposure may be excessive remains unclear. Epidemiological studies have identified several environmental risk factors associated with ASD, including developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficiency.
Investigating associations between birth order and autism diagnostic phenotypes
Birth order effects have been linked to variability in intelligence, educational attainment and sexual orientation. First- and later-born children have been linked to an increased likelihood of an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis, with a smaller body of evidence implicating decreases in cognitive functioning with increased birth order. The present study investigated the potential association between birth order and ASD diagnostic phenotypes in a large and representative population sample.
Early Intervention Delivery Methods for New Zealand Children with Autism: Current Practices Versus Parental Preferences
Little is known about parent preferences regarding delivery methods of early interventions. This research examined, through parent report, the current and preferred delivery methods of seven common educational early interventions accessed by New Zealand children with autism spectrum disorder.
Subgroups of Temperament Associated with Social-Emotional Difficulties in Infants with Early Signs of Autism
Links between temperament and social-emotional difficulties are well-established in normative child development but remain poorly characterized in autism. We sought to characterize distinct temperament subgroups and their associations with concurrent internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a sample of 103 infants showing early signs of autism.
Difficulties in developmental follow-up of preterm neonates in a randomised-controlled trial
Probiotics may be neuroprotective for preterm neonates due to their anti-inflammatory effects and ability to facilitate nutrition. AIM: To assess long-term effects of early probiotic supplementation on neuropsychological development in preterm infants
A preliminary investigation of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on facial morphology in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
While early exposure to alcohol may influence the development of facial structures, it does not appear to be associated with ASD phenotypic variability
Prevalence of Motor Difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Analysis of a Population-Based Cohort
In this population-based cohort that included 2,084 children with autism aged ≤6 years, over one-third met the criteria for motor difficulties
Examining parent use of specific intervention techniques during a 12-week training program based on the Early Start Denver Model
This study included five mothers of young children with autism who participated in a 12-week parent training program based on the Early Start Denver Model
A broad autism phenotype expressed in facial morphology
These data provide the first evidence for a broad autism phenotype expressed in a physical characteristic
The misnomer of ‘high functioning autism’: Intelligence is an imprecise predictor of functional abilities at diagnosis
We argue that 'high functioning autism' is an inaccurate clinical descriptor when based solely on intelligence quotient demarcations
An integrative analysis of non-coding regulatory DNA variations associated with autism spectrum disorder
Overall, we found that the regulatory variants in autism spectrum disorder cases were enriched in ASD-risk genes and genes involved in fetal neurodevelopment
Effect of Fluoxetine on Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Treatment with fluoxetine compared with placebo resulted in significantly lower scores for obsessive-compulsive behaviors at 16 weeks
Mental Health Correlates of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Gender Diverse Young People: Evidence from a Specialised Child and Adolescent Gender Clinic in Australia
Current findings indicate that gender diverse children and adolescents with indicated ASD comprise an especially vulnerable group at risk of mental health difficulties
Pre-emptive intervention versus treatment as usual for infants showing early behavioural risk signs of autism spectrum disorder
A pre-emptive intervention for the autism spectrum disorder prodrome had no immediate treatment effect on early autism spectrum disorder symptoms
Content validation of the Quality of Life Inventory—Disability
Satisfactory content validity is reported, where ongoing consumer feedback shaped the dataset from which the final items were selected
Sleep problems and anxiety from 2 to 8 years and the influence of autistic traits: a longitudinal study
Anxiety and sleep problems may be an early indicator of autism in young children and early autistic traits may also contribute to anxiety problems later in childhood
Developmental vitamin D deficiency produces behavioral phenotypes of relevance to Autism in an animal model
Here we investigate these features in an animal model related to autism spectrum disorder - the DVD-deficient rat
Parental experiences using the Therapy Outcomes by You (TOBY) application to deliver early intervention to their child with autism
Parental experience of TOBY was positive when use of the application aligned with parental proficiency, opportunities for use, and importantly, the needs of the child
Gaps in Current Autism Research: The Thoughts of the Autism Research Editorial Board and Associate Editors
Mini‐commentaries on what they considered to be the current gaps in research on autism spectrum disorder
The Brain Basis of Comorbidity in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
This review discusses early brain development and the etiological factors that may give rise to atypical developmental trajectories, along with neuroimaging insights
Brief social attention bias modification for children with autism spectrum disorder
Social attention can be acutely modified in children with ASD, with an increased tendency to orient attention toward faces after brief social attention training
Psychometric properties of the Quality of Life Inventory-Disability (QI-Disability) measure
Initial evaluation suggests that QI-Disability is a reliable and valid measure of quality of life across the spectrum of intellectual disability
Atypical nested 22q11.2 duplications are associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes including autism spectrum disorder with incomplete penetrance
Our findings contribute to the genotype–phenotype data for atypical nested 22q11.2 duplications, with implications for genetic counseling
Characterizing the interplay between autism spectrum disorder and comorbid medical conditions: An integrative review
We review medical conditions that have been repeatedly highlighted as sharing the strongest associations with ASD-epilepsy, sleep, as well as gastrointestinal and immune functioning
Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and autistic-like traits among offspring in the general population
This study provides further evidence that maternal pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with autism-like behaviors in offspring
Parent-observed thematic data on quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder
Parent observations provide an initial framework for understanding quality of life in autism spectrum disorder
Does perinatal exposure to exogenous oxytocin influence child behavioural problems and autistic-like behaviours to 20 years of age
This study is the first to investigate longitudinal mental health outcomes associated with the use of oxytocin-based medications during labour
Study protocol for the Australian autism biobank: an international resource to advance autism discovery research
The Australian Autism Biobank was initiated to establish a large-scale repository of biological samples and detailed clinical information about children diagnosed with ASD
Predicting language difficulties in middle childhood from early developmental milestones: A comparison of traditional regression and machine learning techniques
The current study provides preliminary evidence that machine learning algorithms provide equivalent predictive accuracy to traditional methods for language difficulties in middle childhood
Social impairments in autism spectrum disorder are related to maternal immune history profile
this study is the first to show an association between immune activation history in the mother and increased ASD symptom severity in children with ASD
Does otitis media in early childhood affect later behavioural development? Results from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study
The relationship between early life episodes of otitis media and later behavioural development with adjustment for confounders.
No relationship between autistic traits and salivary testosterone concentrations in men from the general population
The current data add to the increasing evidence for the lack of relationship between autistic traits and postnatal levels of testosterone in men
Vitamin D is crucial for maternal care and offspring social behaviour in rats
These data highlight that early life levels of vitamin D are an important consideration for maternal behavioural adaptations as well as offspring neuropsychiatry
A prospective study of fetal head growth, autistic traits and autism spectrum disorder
This large population-based study identified no consistent association across two cohorts between prenatal head growth and postnatal autistic traits
The prevalence of mental health disorders and symptoms in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mental health conditions and problems are often reported in children and adolescents with CP. A systematic review was undertaken to describe their prevalence.
A national guideline for the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Australia
The Guideline aims to create greater consistency in diagnostic practices across the country to ensure individuals on the autism spectrum can receive the optimal care
Cytokine levels and associations with symptom severity in male and female children with autism spectrum disorder
ASD's are complex, pervasive and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions with varying conditions, trajectories, significant male bias and unknown etiology.
Prenatal maternal stress events and phenotypic outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder
ASD, in the context of prenatal maternal stress exposure, may be associated with a more severe phenotype, particularly when there are multiple prenatal exposures
Exploring quality of life of children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disability: What are the important domains of life?
An estimated half of all children with cerebral palsy also have comorbid intellectual disability, the domains of QOL for these children are not well understood
A randomised controlled trial of an iPad-based application to complement early behavioural intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Technology-based interventions may provide a relatively low-cost addition to existing therapist-delivered interventions for children with ASD
Duration of general anaesthetic exposure in early childhood and long-term language and cognitive ability
Anaesthetic dose causing toxicity in animals has been evaluated, but the relationship between duration of VA exposure and development in children remains vague.
Hypermasculinised facial morphology in boys and girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its association with symptomatology
This is the first study demonstrating facial hypermasculinisation in ASD and its relationship to social-communication difficulties in prepubescent children
Investigating facial phenotype in autism spectrum conditions: The importance of a hypothesis driven approach
The identification of differences in the facial phenotype of individuals with ASC may contribute to efforts to promote early identification of the condition and help elucidate etiological pathways.
Acoustic Properties of Cries in 12-Month Old Infants at High-Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder
There is preliminary evidence that infant siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have an atypical pattern of crying
Latent Class Analysis of Neurodevelopmental Deficit After Exposure to Anesthesia in Early Childhood
Some studies suggest an association between early exposure to anesthesia, surgery and long term developmental deficit, clinical phenotype of children is unknown
Late talkers and later language outcomes: Predicting the different language trajectories
The aim of the current study was to investigate the risk factors present at 2 years for children who showed language difficulties that persisted
Relationship between early motor milestones and severity of restricted and repetitive behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
This study provides the first evidence for the association between restricted and repetitive behaviors and age of attainment of early motor milestones.
Elizabeth Usher Memorial Lecture: Rethinking the clinical pathway for autism spectrum disorder and challenging the status quo
The aim of the paper is to outline the future of early identification and intervention of ASD and the research goals to be addressed to achieve this vision.
A Relationship Between Early Language Skills and Adult Autistic-Like Traits: Evidence from a Longitudinal Population-Based Study
This is the first study to show an association between early language ability and autistic-like traits in adulthood
Brief Report: An Exploratory Study of the Diagnostic Reliability for Autism Spectrum Disorder
We conducted a study that examined the concordance of diagnoses between a multidisciplinary assessment team and a range of clinicians in Australia.
Umbilical cord androgens and estrogens in relation to verbal and nonverbal abilities at age 10 in the general population
These data suggest that late gestation sex steroids do not exert a major effect on nonverbal and verbal abilities in middle childhood.
Protective benefit of predominant breastfeeding against otitis media may be limited to early childhood: results from a prospective birth cohort study
Our findings are in line with a number of epidemiological studies which show a positive association between breastfeeding and OM in early childhood
Qualitative Analysis of Parental Observations on Quality of Life in Australian Children with Down Syndrome
We investigated parental observations to identify QOL domains in children with Down Syndrome and determined whether domains differed between children and teens.
Evidence of a reduction over time in the behavioral severity of autistic disorder diagnoses
This study provides the first clear evidence of a reduction over time in the behavioral severity of individuals diagnosed with Autistic Disorder during a period of stability in diagnostic criteria
Evidence of a reduction over time in the behavioral severity of autistic disorder diagnoses
We examined whether there were changes over time in the qualitative and quantitative phenotype of individuals who received the diagnosis of Autistic Disorder.
Beyond the hype and hope: Critical considerations for intranasal oxytocin research in autism spectrum disorder
In this review, we comprehensively evaluate the rationale for oxytocin as a therapeutic, evaluating evidence from various various sources.
Commentary: Are we expecting too much from the extreme male brain theory of autism? A reflection on Kung et al. (2016)
This commentary highlights inconsistent findings that undermine the extreme male brain theory autism but data may not present an adequate test of the hypothesis
Obesity and associated factors in youth with an autism spectrum disorder
Prevalence of overweight/obesity in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder, and associations between weight status and range of factors
Randomised controlled trial of an iPad based early intervention for autism: TOBY playpad study protocol
This trial will determine the effectiveness of the TOBY App as a therapeutic complement to other early interventions children with ASD receive
A Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Population-Based Pediatric Cohorts
The SNP-based heritability for ADHD symptom scores indicates a polygenic architecture, and genes involved in neurite outgrowth are possibly involved
Diagnostic evaluation for autism spectrum disorder: A survey of health professionals in Australia
Reported practice of some professionals in Australia may not be consistent with international best practice guidelines for ASD diagnosis
Mothers of Children with Autism have Different Rates of Cancer According to the Presence of Intellectual Disability in Their Child
Mothers of children with autism without ID had increased risk of cancer, which may relate to common genetic pathways
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Language Disorder, and Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder: Overlaps, Distinguishing Features, and Clinical Implications
Strictly defined cases of social (pragmatic) communication disorder and specific language impairment can be distinguished from autism spectrum disorder
CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. Identifying language impairments in children
Delayed or impaired language development is a common developmental concern, yet there is little agreement about the criteria used to identify and classify...
A genome-wide approach to children's aggressive behavior: The EAGLE consortium
Common variants at 2p12 show suggestive evidence for association with childhood aggression
Short report: Relationship between restricted and repetitive behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents
Restricted and repetitive behaviours constitute a core symptom domain of autism spectrum disorder
Conceptualizing a quality of life framework for girls with Rett syndrome using qualitative methods
Existing quality of life scales for children in the general population or with other disabilities did not capture the QOL of children with Rett syndrome
A Prospective Ultrasound Study of Prenatal Growth in Infant Siblings of Children With Autism
Identified no significant differences between the high- and low-risk fetuses in the rate of prenatal head and body growth throughout the 2nd and 3rd-trimester
Prenatal testosterone exposure is related to sexually dimorphic facial morphology in adulthood
Prenatal testosterone may have a powerful masculinizing effect on postnatal physical characteristics.
Perceived gender ratings for high and low scorers on the autism-spectrum quotient consistent with the extreme male brain account of autism
This study tested the 'Extreme Male Brain' theory & androgyny accounts of Autism spectrum disorder.
Evidence for shared deficits in identifying emotions from faces and from voices in autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment
While autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and specific language impairment (SLI) have traditionally been conceptualized as distinct disorders, recent findings...
Impact of adolescent peer aggression on later educational and employment outcomes in an Australian cohort
This study used prospective birth cohort data to analyse the relationship between peer aggression at 14 years of age and educational and employment outcomes...
The perinatal androgen to estrogen ratio and autistic-like traits in the general population: a longitudinal pregnancy cohort study.
While previous studies have found a link between testosterone levels in amniotic fluid and autistic-like traits, a similar relationship has not been found...
Maternal vitamin D deficiency alters fetal brain development in the BALB/c mouse.
Prenatal exposure to vitamin D is thought to be critical for optimal fetal neurodevelopment, yet vitamin D deficiency is apparent in a growing proportion of...
Sexually dimorphic facial features vary according to level of autistic-like traits in the general population
The current data provide support for Bejerot et al.'s androgyny account since males and females with high levels of autistic-like traits generally showed...
Prevalence and risk factors for parent-reported recurrent otitis media during early childhood
The prevalence of parent-reported rOM was 26.8% (611/2280) and 5.5% (125/2280) for severe rOM in the Study.
Lack of replication for the myosin-18B association with mathematical ability in independent cohorts
Twin studies indicate that dyscalculia (or mathematical disability) is caused partly by a genetic component, which is yet to be understood at the molecular...
Adult digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to umbilical cord androgen or estrogen concentrations, their ratios or net bioactivity
Ratio of second digit length to fourth digit length (2D:4D) has been extensively used in human and experimental research as a marker of fetal sex steroid...
TOBY play-pad application to teach children with ASD-A pilot trial.
To investigate use patterns and learning outcomes associated with the use of Therapy Outcomes By You (TOBY. Playpad, an early intervention iPad application.
A prospective ultrasound study of prenatal growth in infant siblings of children with autism
Numerous studies have observed that a proportion of infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience accelerated head growth...
Vitamin D in fetal development: Findings from a birth cohort study
Birth cohort studies provide an invaluable resource for studies of the influence of the fetal environment on health in later life.
Are there differences in the behavioural phenotypes of Autism Spectrum Disorder probands from simplex and multiplex families?
Behavioural differences in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder from simplex and multiplex families
MACROD2 gene associated with autistic-like traits in a general population sample
The MACROD2 gene is a strong positional candidate risk factor for autistic-like traits in the general population
The association between prenatal environment and children’s mental health trajectories from 2 to 14 years
This study aimed to elucidate how an adverse prenatal environment, as defined by the presence of a number of known prenatal risk factors, would influence...
Prevalence and risk factors for parent-reported recurrent otitis media during early childhood
The objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of recurrent otitis media (rOM) in an urban Australian population at 3 years of age.
Common variation near ROBO2 is associated with expressive vocabulary in infancy
In this paper we conduct a genome-wide screen and follow-up study of expressive vocabulary in toddlers of European descent from up to four studies of the...
Re-analysis of the association between perinatal androgens and postnatal head circumference growth
This paper is a correction of an earlier report that identified a link between exposure to high levels of testosterone during pregnancy and reduced head...
Perinatal testosterone exposure and cerebral lateralisation in adult males: Evidence for the callosal hypothesis
Two competing theories address the influence of foetal testosterone on cerebral laterality: one proposing exposure to high foetal testosterone concentrations...
No population bias to left-hemisphere language in 4-year-olds with language impairment
An apparent paradox in the field of neuropsychology is that people with atypical cerebral lateralization do not appear to suffer any cognitive disadvantage,...
Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for specific language impairment: A prospective pregnancy cohort study
Although genetic factors are known to play a causal role in specific language impairment (SLI), environmental factors may also be important. This study...
Is the broad autism phenotype in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder exacerbated by the challenges of caring for their children?
This qualitative study of parental interviews provided a preliminary examination of whether behaviours consistent with the BAP may have been exacerbated by...
Towards a molecular characterization of autism spectrum disorders: An exome sequencing and systems approach
This paper profiles the functional pattern of DNA variants found at a higher rate in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), X-linked intellectual...
Comparative analysis of outcome measures used in examining neurodevelopmental effects of early childhood anesthesia exposure
This paper reports on data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study to examine whether exposure to anesthetics in children younger than 3...
Measurement of androgen and estrogen concentrations in cord blood: Accuracy, biological interpretation, and applications to understanding human behavioral development
This review examines the accuracy and biological interpretation of the measurement of androgens and estrogens in cord blood. The use of cord blood hormones...
Vitamin D deficiency at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation is associated with impaired lung function and asthma at 6 years of age
This paper examines whether a Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy affects the child's lung function predisposition towards lung disease such as asthma.
Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and bone mass in offspring at 20 years of age: A prospective cohort study
This longitudinal, prospective study investigated the association between maternal vitamin D status and peak bone mass of offspring in 341 mother and...
Low maternal serum vitamin D during pregnancy and the risk for postpartum depression symptoms
Pregnancy is a time of vulnerability for vitamin D insufficiency, and there is an emerging literature associating low levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D with...
A Genome-wide Association Meta-analysis of Preschool Internalizing Problems
In this study, the influence of genome-wide measured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was investigated in 3 cohorts (total N = 4,596 children) in which...
Moving beyond behaviour-only assessment: Incorporating biomarkers to improve the early detection and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
This paper presents a response to the Camarata (2014) lead article regarding the accuracy and effectiveness of early identification and early intervention...
High use of complementary and alternative medication among children with autism is not associated with the severity of core symptoms
This study provided evidence for high rate of alternative medicine use in an Australian paediatric ASD population, similar to other countries.
Brief Report: Further Evidence for a Link Between Inner Speech Limitations and Executive Function in High-Functioning Children with Autism
This study investigated the involvement of inner speech limitations in the executive dysfunction associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
Genome-wide association study of autistic-like traits in a general population study of young adults
Research has proposed that autistic-like traits in the general population lie on a continuum, with clinical ASD representing the extreme end of this...
A "bottom-up" approach to aetiological research in autism spectrum disorders
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are currently diagnosed in the presence of impairments in social interaction and communication, and a restricted range of...
Common variation contributes to the genetic architecture of social communication traits
Social communication difficulties represent an autistic trait that is highly heritable and persistent during the course of development.
Diet in the early years of life influences cognitive outcomes at 10 years: A prospective cohort study
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between diet during the first 3 years of life and cognitive outcomes at 10 years of age.
Autism spectrum disorder in children born preterm: Role of exposure to perinatal inflammation
This review aims to summarise and evaluate the potential mechanisms and evidence for the role of prenatal infection on the central nervous system, and how it...
Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring eating disorder risk in adolescence
This is the first study to link low gestational vitamin D to increased eating disorder risk in female offspring of Caucasian mothers.
Associations between Handedness and Cerebral Lateralisation for Language: A Comparison of Three Measures in Children
It has been suggested that quantitative measures of differential hand skill or reaching preference may provide more valid measures than traditional...
Complementary and alternative medicine for autism spectrum disorders: Rationale, safety and efficacy
There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the efficacy of modified diets, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, immune therapy, and vitamin and fatty acid...
Evidence for Distinct Cognitive Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Specific Language Impairment
This finding supports distinct cognitive profiles in ASD and SLI and may provide further evidence for distinct aetiological mechanisms in the two conditions.
Brief Report: Do the Nature of Communication Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders Relate to the Broader Autism Phenotype in Parents?
This research explored the relationship between the broader autism phenotype (BAP) among parents, an index of genetic liability for ASD, and proband...
Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy predict parent-reported difficult temperament in infancy
These data suggest that the link between maternal hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and child behavioral development begins in the first year of life.
Delivery at 37 weeks' gestation is associated with a higher risk for child behavioural problems
We suggest that 37 weeks' gestation may not be the optimal cutoff for defining perinatal risk as it applies to behavioural development.
Is autism one or multiple disorders?
Elucidating the underlying nature of the disorder(s) is a crucial step towards tailoring intervention to the biological and cognitive makeup of each individual.
The association between perinatal testosterone concentration and early vocabulary development
Prenatal exposure to testosterone is known to affect fetal brain maturation and later neurocognitive function.
Adolescent peer aggression and its association with mental health and substance use in an Australian cohort
Prospective longitudinal birth cohort data was used to examine the association between peer aggression at 14yrs and mental health and substance use at 17yrs...
Fetal Testosterone, Socio-Emotional Engagement and Language Development
The present study investigated the relations among fetal testosterone, child socio-emotional engagement and language development...
Umbilical Cord Blood Testosterone and Childhood Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior: A Prospective Study
Antenatal testosterone exposure influences fetal neurodevelopment and gender-role behavior in postnatal life and may contribute to differences in...
Maternal Vitamin D Levels and the Autism Phenotype Among Offspring
We tested whether maternal vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is related to the autism phenotype.
Perinatal testosterone exposure and autistic-like traits in the general population: a longitudinal pregnancy-cohort study
Increased prenatal testosterone exposure has been hypothesized as a mechanism underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
Androgen concentrations in umbilical cord blood and their association with maternal, fetal and obstetric factors
The aim of this study was to measure umbilical blood androgen concentrations in a birth cohort using a highly specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass...
Sex-specific associations between umbilical cord blood testosterone levels and language delay in early childhood
Preliminary evidence suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may be associated with language delay.
Are Prenatal Ultrasound Scans Associated with the Autism Phenotype? Follow-up of a Randomised Controlled Trial
An existing randomised controlled trial was used to investigate whether multiple ultrasound scans may be associated with the autism phenotype.
Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development
The objective was to determine the association between maternal serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations and behavioural, emotional and language outcomes...
Do hypertensive diseases of pregnancy disrupt neurocognitive development in offspring?
The current study sought to determine whether gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are associated with neurocognitive outcomes in middle childhood.
Maternal Serum Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Offspring Neurocognitive Development
New research links poor language to lack of Vitamin D in womb.
Do Children with Specific Language Impairment have a Cognitive Profile Reminiscent of Autism? A Review of the Literature
This paper reviews relevant literature on whether individuals with SLI exhibit cognitive characteristics reminiscent of autism.
Sex-specific associations between umbilical cord blood testosterone levels and language delay in early childhood
Preliminary evidence suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may be associated with language delay. However, no study has examined a large sample of...
Fetal head circumference growth in children with specific language impairment
The aim was to characterise fetal brain growth in children with specific language impairment (SLI). A nested case-control study was set in Perth, WA.
The Dyslexia Candidate Locus on 2p12 Is Associated with General Cognitive Ability and White Matter Structure
To further explore the effect of disorder-associated genes on cognitive functions, we investigated whether they play a role in broader cognitive traits.
Are autistic traits in the general population stable across development?
There is accumulating evidence that autistic traits (AT) are on a continuum in the general population.
Evaluating the twin testosterone transfer hypothesis: A review of the empirical evidence
In this paper we review the evidence that fetuses gestated with a male co-twin are masculinized in development, perhaps due to the influence of prenatal...
Do hypertensive diseases of pregnancy disrupt neurocognitive development in offspring?
Do hypertensive diseases of pregnancy disrupt neurocognitive development in offspring?
Where were those rabbits? A new paradigm to determine cerebral lateralisation of visuospatial memory function in children
In this study we devised a child-friendly version of a paradigm to assess lateralisation of visuospatial memory using functional transcranial Doppler...
Where were those rabbits? A new paradigm to determine cerebral lateralisation of visuospatial memory function in children
In the majority of people, functional differences are observed between the two cerebral hemispheres: language production is typically subserved by the left...
Are autistic traits in the general population stable across development?
The current investigation measured AT in 360 males and 400 males from the general population close to two decades apart, using the Pervasive Developmental...
Autistic-like traits in childhood predict later age at menarche in girls
We investigated the relationship between autistic-like traits in early childhood and age at menarche in typically developing girls.
Late-talking and risk for behavioral and emotional problems during childhood and adolescence
Although many toddlers with expressive vocabulary delay ("late talkers") present with age-appropriate language skills by the time they are of school age,...
Late-talking and risk for behavioural and emotional problems during childhood and adolescence
Although many toddlers with expressive vocabulary delay ("late talkers") present with age-appropriate language skills by the time they are of school age...
CNTNAP2 variants affect early language development in the general population
We tested the hypothesis that these CNTNAP2 variants affect communicative behavior, measured at 2 years of age in a large epidemiological sample...
No association between early gastrointestinal problems and autistic-like traits in the general population
No association between early gastrointestinal problems and autistic-like traits in the general population, determine whether gastrointestinal problems, early...
Autism and intellectual disability are differentially related to sociodemographic background at birth
We used population data on Western Australian singletons born from 1984 to 1999 (n = 398,353) to examine the sociodemographic characteristics of children...
Analysis of dyslexia candidate genes in the Raine cohort representing the general Australian population
We have conducted an association study in a novel sample derived from the Australian population to further investigate the role of dyslexia candidate genes.
Prenatal maternal stress associated with ADHD and autistic traits in early childhood
Research suggests that offspring of mothers who experience high levels of stress during pregnancy are more likely to have problems in neurobehavioral...
Duration of breast-feeding and language ability to middle childhood
There is controversy over whether increased breast-feeding duration has long-term benefits for language development.
Breastfeeding duration and academic achievement at ten years
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and educational outcomes.
A preliminary study of fetal head circumference growth in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Fetal head circumference (HC) growth was examined prospectively in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
The effects of breast-feeding duration on language ability to middle childhood
Modern societies are challenged by "wicked problems" - by definition, those that are difficult to define, multi-casual and hard to treat.
Narrowing the broader autism phenotype: A study using the Communication Checklist
This study investigated whether the Communication Checklist - Adult (CC-A) could identify subtypes of social and communication dysfunction in autism probands an
Is there a sex ratio difference in the familial aggregation of specific language impairment? A meta analysis
This meta-analysis examined whether there is a sex ratio difference in the risk for impairment among family members of an SLI proband
Maternal life events during pregnancy and offspring language ability in middle childhood
There is accumulating evidence for a link between maternal stress during pregnancy and later behavioural and emotional problems in children.
Cell phone use by adolescents with Asperger Syndrome
While young people have generally been at the forefront of the adoption and use of new communications technologies, little is known of uses by exceptional youth
Free testosterone levels in umbilical cord blood predict infant head circumference in girls
Fetal androgens influence fetal growth as well as postnatal neurocognitive ability.
Free testosterone levels in umbilical-cord blood predict infant head circumference in females
Fetal androgens influence fetal growth as well as postnatal neurocognitive ability
Unpacking the complex nature of the autism epidemic
This paper discusses changes in diagnostic criteria, decreasing age at diagnosis, improved case ascertainment, diagnostic substitution, and social influences.
Reliability of a novel paradigm for determining hemispheric lateralization of visuospatial function
In most individuals, language production and visuospatial skills are subserved predominantly by the left and right hemispheres, respectively.
No clear genetic influences on the association between dyslexia and anxiety in a population-based sample of female twins
Individuals with dyslexia are at an increased risk for anxiety disorders (e.g. generalized anxiety disorder, stress disorders, panic disorder).
Inner speech impairment in children with autism is associated with greater nonverbal than verbal skills
We present a new analysis of Whitehouse, Maybery, and Durkin's (2006, Experiment 3) data on inner speech in children with autism (CWA).
Adult psychosocial outcomes of children with specific language impairment, pragmatic language impairment and autism
Evidence that some children also develop autistic symptomatology over time has raised suggestions that developmental language disorder...
Qualitative aspects of developmental language impairment relate to language and literacy outcome in adulthood
Developmental language disorder is a heterogeneous diagnostic category. Little research has compared the long-term outcomes of children with different...
Hemispheric division of function is the result of independent probabilistic biases
Causal theories propose that functional asymmetry is an obligatory pattern of organisation, while statistical theories maintain this is a reflection...
Friendship, loneliness and depression in adolescents with Asperger's Syndrome
This study investigated the relation between friendship, loneliness and depressive symptoms in adolescents with Asperger's Syndrome (AS).
Differentiating between childhood communication disorders: Implications for language and psychosocial outcomes
Differentiating between childhood communication disorders: Implications for language and psychosocial outcomes
Cerebral dominance for language function in adults with specific language impairment or autism
A link between developmental language disorders and atypical cerebral lateralization has been postulated since the 1920s, but evidence has been indirect and...
Do children with autism 'switch off' to speech sounds? An investigation using event-related potentials
Autism is a disorder characterized by a core impairment in social behaviour. A prominent component of this social deficit is poor orienting to speech.
Autism and diagnostic substitution: Evidence from a study of adults with a history of developmental language disorder
Rates of diagnosis of autism have risen since 1980, raising the question of whether some children who previously had other diagnoses are now being diagnosed...
The recruitment and retention of Speech and Language Therapists: What do university students find important?
The increasing need for speech and language therapy (SLT) services, coupled with poor employment retention rates, poses serious cost-benefit considerations.
The broader language phenotype of Autism: A comparison with Specific Language Impairment
Some individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience linguistic difficulties similar to those found in individuals with specific language...
Evidence against poor semantic encoding in individuals with autism
This article tests the hypothesis that individuals with autism poorly encode verbal information to the semantic level of processing, instead paying greater...
The development of the picture superiority effect
When pictures and words are presented serially in an explicit memory task, recall of the pictures is superior.
Inner speech impairments in autism
Three experiments investigated the role of inner speech deficit in cognitive performances of children with autism.