Jonathan Carapetis AM
Executive Director; Co-Head, Strep A Translation; Co-Founder of REACH
AM MBBS FRACP FAFPHM PhD FAHMS
contact@telethonkids.org.au
+61 8 6319 1000
Professor Carapetis is Executive Director of The Kids Research Institute Australia in Perth, Western Australia, an infectious diseases consultant physician at Perth Children’s Hospital, and a Professor at The University of Western Australia.
He holds qualifications as a medical practitioner (MBBS), specialist paediatrician (FRACP Paediatrics), specialist infectious diseases physician (FRACP Infect Dis), and specialist public health physician (FAFPHM), as well as a PhD; and is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences (FAA) and the Australian Academy of Health & Medical Sciences (FAHMS).
Professor Carapetis’ previous roles include President of the Association of Australian Medical Research Institutes (AAMRI), Director, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin; Director, Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne; and Theme Director, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne. During the COVID-19 pandemic he was a member of the National COVID-19 Health and Research Advisory Committee.
Amongst his many accolades, in 2021, Professor Carapetis was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Medicine from Curtin University and received the Professions Award at the 2021 West Australian of the Year Awards. In 2018, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for his significant contribution to medical research. In 2013, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, and in 2008 he was named Northern Territory Australian of the Year.
Professor Carapetis has made an international contribution and commitment to the reduction of rheumatic heart disease and group A streptococcal infections. As Director of the END RHD Centre for Research Excellence, he led the development of the RHD Endgame Strategy: A blueprint to eliminate rheumatic heart disease in Australia by 2031 and, as co-director of the Australian Strep A Vaccine Initiative (ASAVI) and member of the Strep A Vaccine Global Consortium (SAVAC), is at the forefront of global efforts to develop a Strep A vaccine. He has been involved in numerous studies of the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, and efficacy studies of vaccines in highly endemic settings, including pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines.
Education and Qualifications
- FAHMS, Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences
- Honorary Doctor of Science, Charles Darwin University, NT
- PhD, University of Sydney
- FAFPHM, Australian Faculty of Public Health Medicine
- FRACP (Infectious Diseases), Royal Australian College of Physicians
- FRACP (Paediatrics), Royal Australian College of Physicians
- MBBS, University of Melbourne
- BMedSc, University of Melbourne
Awards/honours
- 2016 - Australian Council for Educational Leaders (ACEL) Pre-Eminent Educational Leader Award, WA
- 2015 - Distinguished Honorary Fellow, Menzies School of Health Research, NT
- 2013 - T. Duckett Jones Memorial Lecturer (American Heart Association) Texas, USA
- 2008 - Northern Territory Australian of the Year
- 2007 - Selected as one of Australia’s 100 smartest people, and one of the top ten in Medicine and Health, in the Bulletin Magazine’s “Smart 100” list
- 2006 - Selected as one of Australia’s Top Ten scientific minds aged under 45 years (The “Bright Sparks” Awards) by Cosmos Magazine
Projects
Koolungar (Children) Moorditj (Strong) Healthy Skin
The Koolungar (children) Moorditj (strong) Healthy Skin project is the first ever co-designed research-service Australian study to describe skin health in urban-living Aboriginal koolungar.
Sore Throat Melbourne and Perth Study: The Australian Strep A Vaccine Initiative (ASAVI) Urban Pharyngitis Surveillance Study (STAMPS)
Working Towards a Better Understanding of ARF
Penicillin Levels for Rheumatic Heart Disease Study – Remote Cohort
The NZ BPG Pharmacokinetics Study
September 2020
The END RHD CRE: Developing an end game for rheumatic heart disease in Australia
Australian Strep A Vaccine Initiative (ASAVI)
Skin health situational analysis to inform skin disease control programs for the Kimberley
Skin Health Situational Analysis to inform skin disease control programs for the Kimberley - outcomes
The Skin Health Situational Analysis was conducted in 2017 with and for stakeholders in the Kimberley region as a precursor to the SToP Trial to highlight all that was already known prior to commencement in 2018. It was completed to be a resource for communities in the Kimberley who would like to de
Severe adverse events following benzathine penicillin G injection for rheumatic heart disease prophylaxis
RHD Screening Program - GE Healthcare
September 2020
RHD Action
September 2020
Reach: to stop rheumatic heart disease
September 2020
Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular versus subcutaneous administration of Benzathine Penicillin G
Penicillin Levels for Rheumatic Heart Disease Study - WA Urban Cohort
Interventions to eliminate rheumatic heart disease
Improving Health Outcomes in the Tropical North: A Multidisciplinary Collaboration (HOT NORTH)
Improving delivery of secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease
Head-to-head Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Bicillin ® L-A versus Lyophilised (Powdered) Benzathine Penicillin G administered by the Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Routes
Exploring associations between life course geo-social exposures and rheumatic heart disease in Great Britain
Evaluating the genetic contribution to rheumatic heart disease pathogenesis in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
Establishing a Western Australian Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease Database
END RHD Demonstration Communities
September 2020
END RHD Community Project - Kimberley (Rheumatic Fever Strategy)
END RHD
September 2020
Development of methods to rapidly track pathogen and antibiotic resistance profiles from skin sores in Northern Australia (Hot North)
Development of a longer acting formulation of Penicillin G for the treatment and prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Developing a human challenge model of GAS infection
Defining target penicillin concentrations for subsequent studies of a reformulated long-acting benzathine penicillin prototype
Defining Group A Streptococcus interaction with the tonsil epithelium to inform vaccine development
Controlled Human Infection for Penicillin Against Streptococcus pyogenes – a double blinded randomised trail (The CHIPS trial)
Burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and impact of prevention strategies: comprehensive evidence to drive the RHD Endgame
BPG Formulation Preferences Study: Exploring patient, family and clinician reformulations preferences for BPG
Towards a diagnostic test for rheumatic fever
Acceptability of sonicated versus unsonicated reconstituted (powdered) benzathine penicillin G for rheumatic fever prophylaxis
Strep A Vaccine Global Consortium (SAVAC)
September 2020
A diagnostic test for acute rheumatic fever (pilot study)
SITting with communities to SToP skin infections
National Healthy Skin Guideline; for the Prevention, Treatment and Public Health Control of Impetigo, Scabies, Crusted Scabies and Tinea for Indigenous Populations and Communities in Australia
Consultation to Translation: Evaluation of an environmental health video to promote the role of environmental health activities for healthy skin
See, Treat, Prevent Skin Sores and Scabies (SToP) Trial
Healthy skin is important for maintaining overall health and wellbeing. Some skin infections, if untreated, can lead to serious downstream health complications such as heart disease, kidney disease, or sepsis.
The Missing Piece Surveillance Study: A surveillance study for strep A pharyngitis and impetigo in the Kimberley, Australia
The Missing Piece Surveillance Study is a prospective surveillance study to determine the concurrent burden of skin and throat infections in children, from two remote communities in Northern Australia.
Aboriginal Urban Healthy Skin study
Genome-wide analysis of genetic risk factors for rheumatic heart disease in Australian Aboriginal populations from the Northern Territory
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) following Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections is heritable and prevalent in Indigenous populations.
Characterization of “bystander” effects of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DTP) vaccine on the IgE system
We are seeking more detailed information on how the immune system of infants responds to the vaccine, with the aim of identifying which aspects of the immune r
Published research
Skin health of Aboriginal children living in urban communities
Skin concerns are frequent among urban-living Aboriginal children, yet specialist dermatology consultations are limited with studies highlighting the need for improved cultural security. Through newly established paediatric dermatology clinics at two urban Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs), we aimed to describe clinic and patient data, including disease frequencies and associations, to inform dermatology service provision and advocacy.
Morbidity of Scabies in Resource-Limited Countries: Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) and Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Scabies is one of the world’s most prevalent diseases, with approximately 147 million cases at any one time and an estimated annual incidence of 455 million new episodes. Although Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and subsequent rheumatic heart disease (RHD), impetigo caused by GAS has recently been postulated as a link between scabies and the pathogenesis of ARF.
Hearing loss in Australian First Nations children at 6-monthly assessments from age 12 to 36 months: Secondary outcomes from randomised controlled trials of novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedules
In Australian remote communities, First Nations children with otitis media (OM)-related hearing loss are disproportionately at risk of developmental delay and poor school performance, compared to those with normal hearing. Our objective was to compare OM-related hearing loss in children randomised to one of 2 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) formulations.
Tonsils at Telethon: developing a standardised collection of tonsil photographs for group A streptococcal (GAS) research
Group A streptococcus (GAS) infections, such as pharyngitis and impetigo, can lead to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations experience high rates of RHD and GAS skin infection, yet rates of GAS pharyngitis are unclear.
"Hurts less, lasts longer"; a qualitative study on experiences of young people receiving high-dose subcutaneous injections of benzathine penicillin G to prevent rheumatic heart disease in New Zealand
Four-weekly intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections to prevent acute rheumatic fever progression have remained unchanged since 1955. A Phase-I trial in healthy volunteers demonstrated the safety and tolerability of high-dose subcutaneous infusions of BPG which resulted in a much longer effective penicillin exposure, and fewer injections. Here we describe the experiences of young people living with ARF participating in a Phase-II trial of SubCutaneous Injections of BPG.
Overlapping Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis household transmission and mobile genetic element exchange
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis and Streptococcus pyogenes share skin and throat niches with extensive genomic homology and horizontal gene transfer possibly underlying shared disease phenotypes.
Left ventricular remodelling in rheumatic heart disease – trends over time and implications for follow-up in childhood
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most common form of acquired heart disease worldwide. In RHD, volume loading from mitral regurgitation leads to left ventricular (LV) dilatation, increased wall stress, and ultimately LV dysfunction. Improved understanding of LV dynamics may contribute to refined timing of intervention.
Strep A: challenges, opportunities, vaccine-based solutions and economics
Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, annually causing hundreds of millions of cases of disease.
Searching for Strep A in the clinical environment during a human challenge trial: a sub-study protocol
Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A Streptococcus , Strep A) is an obligate human pathogen with significant global morbidity and mortality. Transmission is believed to occur primarily between individuals via respiratory droplets, but knowledge about other potential sources of transmission via aerosols or the environment is limited. Such knowledge is required to design optimal interventions to control transmission, particularly in endemic settings.
Outcomes of rheumatic fever in Uganda: a prospective cohort study
Rheumatic heart disease is the largest contributor to cardiac-related mortality in children worldwide. Outcomes in endemic settings after its antecedent illness, acute rheumatic fever, are not well understood. We aimed to describe 3-5 year mortality, acute rheumatic fever recurrence, changes in carditis, and correlates of mortality after acute rheumatic fever.
Describing skin health and disease in urban-living Aboriginal children: co-design, development and feasibility testing of the Koolungar Moorditj Healthy Skin pilot project
Indigenous children in colonised nations experience high rates of health disparities linked to historical trauma resulting from displacement and dispossession, as well as ongoing systemic racism. Skin infections and their complications are one such health inequity, with the highest global burden described in remote-living Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (hereafter respectfully referred to as Aboriginal) children. Yet despite increasing urbanisation, little is known about the skin infection burden for urban-living Aboriginal children.
HipHop2SToP a community-led health promotion initiative empowering Aboriginal youth in the Kimberley region of Western Australia: a process evaluation
For millennia, Aboriginal people's ways of knowing, doing and being were shared through art, song, and dance. Colonisation silenced these ways, affecting loss of self-determination for Aboriginal people. Over the past decade in Australia, hip-hop projects have become culturally appropriate approaches for health promotion.
Prospects for the future: supporting the elimination of rheumatic heart disease – a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Proceedings
Subcutaneous infusion of high-dose benzathine penicillin G is safe, tolerable, and suitable for less-frequent dosing for rheumatic heart disease secondary prophylaxis: a phase 1 open-label population pharmacokinetic study
Since 1955, the recommended strategy for rheumatic heart disease secondary prophylaxis has been benzathine penicillin G injections administered intramuscularly every 4 weeks. Due to dosing frequency, pain, and programmatic challenges, adherence is suboptimal. It has previously been demonstrated that BPG delivered subcutaneously at a standard dose is safe and tolerable and has favorable pharmacokinetics, setting the scene for improved regimens with less frequent administration.
Research opportunities for the primordial prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease - streptococcal vaccine development: a national heart, lung and blood institute workshop report
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (StrepA), is a bacterium that causes a range of human diseases, including pharyngitis, impetigo, invasive infections, and post-infection immune sequelae such as rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. StrepA infections cause some of the highest burden of disease and death in mostly young populations in low-resource settings. Despite decades of effort, there is still no licensed StrepA vaccine, which if developed, could be a cost-effective way to reduce the incidence of disease.
Research priorities for the primordial prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease by modifying the social determinants of health
The social determinants of health such as access to income, education, housing and healthcare, strongly shape the occurrence of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease at the household, community and national levels.
Antibiotic consumption for sore throat and the potential effect of a vaccine against group A Streptococcus: a systematic review and modelling study
Antibiotic consumption can lead to antimicrobial resistance and microbiome imbalance. We sought to estimate global antibiotic consumption for sore throat, and the potential reduction in consumption due to effective vaccination against group A Streptococcus.
Otitis media at 6-monthly assessments of Australian First Nations children between ages 12–36 months: Findings from two randomised controlled trials of combined pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
In remote communities of northern Australia, First Nations children with hearing loss are disproportionately at risk of poor school readiness and performance compared to their peers with no hearing loss. The aim of this trial is to prevent early childhood persisting otitis media (OM), associated hearing loss and developmental delay.
A Review of Cardiac Surgical Procedures and Their Outcomes for Paediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease in Western Australia
Surgical intervention is an important treatment modality for advanced rheumatic heart disease (RHD). This study aimed to describe patient characteristics and outcomes from cardiac surgery for RHD in patients referred to the only tertiary paediatric hospital in Western Australia.
Evaluating the role of asymptomatic throat carriage of Streptococcus pyogenes in impetigo transmission in remote Aboriginal communities in Northern Territory, Australia: a retrospective genomic analysis
Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A Streptococcus (GAS), infections contribute to a high burden of disease in Aboriginal Australians, causing skin infections and immune sequelae such as rheumatic heart disease. Controlling skin infections in these populations has proven difficult, with transmission dynamics being poorly understood. We aimed to identify the relative contributions of impetigo and asymptomatic throat carriage to GAS transmission.
Development of a sustained release implant of benzathine penicillin G for secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic heart disease
Regular intramuscular (i.m.) benzathine penicillin G (BPG) injections have been the cornerstone of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) secondary prophylaxis since the 1950s. Patient adherence to IM BPG is poor, largely due to pain, the need for regular injections every 3-4 weeks and health sector delivery challenges in resource-limited settings. There is an urgent need for new approaches for secondary prophylaxis, such as an implant which could provide sustained penicillin concentrations for more than 6 months.
Modeling the potential health impact of prospective Strep A vaccines
The World Health Organization published the preferred product characteristics for a Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) vaccine in 2018. Based on these parameters for the age of vaccination, vaccine efficacy, duration of protection from vaccine-derived immunity, and vaccination coverage, we developed a static cohort model to estimate the projected health impact of Strep A vaccination at the global, regional, and national levels and by country-income category.
Rheumatic heart disease mortality in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians between 2010 and 2017
To generate contemporary age-specific mortality rates for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians aged <65 years who died from rheumatic heart disease between 2013 and 2017, and to ascertain the underlying causes of death of a prevalent RHD cohort aged <65 years who died during the same period.
Culturally supported health promotion to See, Treat, Prevent (SToP) skin infections in Aboriginal children living in the Kimberley region of Western Australia: a qualitative analysis
While there are many skin infections, reducing the burden of scabies and impetigo for remote living Aboriginal people, particularly children remains challenging. Aboriginal children living in remote communities have experienced the highest reported rate of impetigo in the world and are 15 times more likely to be admitted to hospital with a skin infection compared to non-Aboriginal children.
Qualitative assessment of healthy volunteer experience receiving subcutaneous infusions of high-dose benzathine penicillin G (SCIP) provides insights into design of late phase clinical studies
Secondary prophylaxis to prevent rheumatic heart disease (RHD) progression, in the form of four-weekly intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin G (BPG) injections, has remained unchanged since 1955. Qualitative investigations into patient preference have highlighted the need for long-acting penicillins to be delivered less frequently, ideally with reduced pain.
Body distribution of impetigo and association with host and pathogen factors
Impetigo or skin sores are estimated to affect >162 million people worldwide. Detailed descriptions of the anatomical location of skin sores are lacking.
A pilot study to develop assessment tools for Group A Streptococcus surveillance studies
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes pharyngitis (sore throat) and impetigo (skin sores) GAS pharyngitis triggers rheumatic fever (RF) with epidemiological evidence supporting that GAS impetigo may also trigger RF in Australian Aboriginal children. Understanding the concurrent burden of these superficial GAS infections is critical to RF prevention. This pilot study aimed to trial tools for concurrent surveillance of sore throats and skins sore for contemporary studies of RF pathogenesis including development of a sore throat checklist for Aboriginal families and pharynx photography.
Invasive Infections Caused by Lancefield Groups C/G and A Streptococcus, Western Australia, Australia, 2000–2018
Epidemiologic data on invasive group C/G Streptococcus (iGCGS) infections are sparse internationally. Linked population-level hospital, pathology, and death data were used to describe the disease burden in Western Australia, Australia, during 2000-2018 compared with that of invasive group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) infections.
Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is an immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infections. This article provides guidelines for the surveillance of APSGN due to group A Streptococcus (Strep A). The primary objectives of APSGN surveillance are to monitor trends in age- and sex-specific incidence, describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with APSGN, document accompanying risk factors, then monitor trends in frequency of complications, illness duration, hospitalization rates, and mortality.
Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis, more commonly known as sore throat, is caused by viral and/or bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis. Strep A pharyngitis is an acute, self-limiting disease but if undertreated can lead to suppurative complications, nonsuppurative poststreptococcal immune-mediated diseases, and toxigenic presentations.
Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections
Invasive group A streptococcal (Strep A) infections occur when Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus, invades a normally sterile site in the body. This article provides guidelines for establishing surveillance for invasive Strep A infections. The primary objective of invasive Strep A surveillance is to monitor trends in rates of infection and determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed invasive Strep A infection, the age- and sex-specific incidence in the population of a defined geographic area, trends in risk factors, and the mortality rates and rates of nonfatal sequelae caused by invasive Strep A infections.
Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Acute Rheumatic Fever
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multiorgan inflammatory disorder that results from the body's autoimmune response to pharyngitis or a skin infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). Acute rheumatic fever mainly affects those in low- and middle-income nations, as well as in indigenous populations in wealthy nations, where initial Strep A infections may go undetected.
Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Impetigo
Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the superficial layer of skin. Impetigo is caused by group A Streptococcus (Strep A) and Staphylococcus aureus, alone or in combination, with the former predominating in many tropical climates. Strep A impetigo occurs mainly in early childhood, and the burden varies worldwide. It is an acute, self-limited disease, but many children experience frequent recurrences that make it a chronic illness in some endemic settings.
Harmonizing Surveillance Methodologies for Group A Streptococcal Diseases
Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is responsible for a significant global health and economic burden. The recent prioritization of Strep A vaccine development by the World Health Organization has prompted global research activities and collaborations. To progress this prioritization, establishment of robust surveillance for Strep A to generate updated regional disease burden estimates and to establish platforms for future impact evaluation is essential.
Study protocol for controlled human infection for penicillin G against Streptococcus pyogenes: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial to determine the minimum concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis (the CHIPS trial)
Regular intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections have been the cornerstone of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) secondary prophylaxis since the 1950s. As the pharmacological correlate of protection remains unknown, it is difficult to recommend changes to this established regimen. Determining the minimum effective penicillin exposure required to prevent Streptococcus pyogenes infection will accelerate development of new long-acting penicillins for RHD prevention as well as inform opportunities to improve existing regimens. The CHIPS trial will address this knowledge gap by directly testing protection afforded by different steady state plasma concentrations of penicillin in an established model of experimental human S. pyogenes pharyngitis.
Host-dependent resistance of Group A Streptococcus to sulfamethoxazole mediated by a horizontally-acquired reduced folate transporter
Described antimicrobial resistance mechanisms enable bacteria to avoid the direct effects of antibiotics and can be monitored by in vitro susceptibility testing and genetic methods. Here we describe a mechanism of sulfamethoxazole resistance that requires a host metabolite for activity.
Starting the SToP trial: Lessons from a collaborative recruitment approach
Recruitment in research can be challenging in Australian Aboriginal contexts. We aimed to evaluate the SToP (See, Treat, Prevent skin infections) trial recruitment approach for Aboriginal families to identify barriers and facilitators and understand the utility of the visual resource used.
Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease is a concise, yet comprehensive, clinical resource highlighting must-know information on rheumatic heart disease and acute rheumatic fever from a global perspective
The burden of atopic dermatitis and bacterial skin infections among urban-living Indigenous children and young people in high-income countries: A systematic review
A high burden of bacterial skin infections is well documented in remote-living Indigenous children and young people in high-income countries.
A Systematic Framework for Prioritizing Burden of Disease Data Required for Vaccine Development and Implementation: The Case for Group A Streptococcal Diseases
Vaccine development and implementation decisions need to be guided by accurate and robust burden of disease data. We developed an innovative systematic framework outlining the properties of such data that are needed to advance vaccine development and evaluation, and prioritize research and surveillance activities.
Population pharmacokinetic study of benzathine penicillin G administration in Indigenous children and young adults with rheumatic heart disease in the Northern Territory, Australia
Benzathine penicillin G is the cornerstone of secondary prophylaxis to prevent Streptococcus pyogenes infections, which precede acute rheumatic fever.
The burden of bacterial skin infection, scabies and atopic dermatitis among urban-living Indigenous children in high-income countries: a protocol for a systematic review
Bacterial skin infections and scabies disproportionately affect children in resource-poor countries as well as underprivileged children in high-income countries. Atopic dermatitis is a common childhood dermatosis that predisposes to bacterial skin infection.
Roadmap to incorporating group A Streptococcus molecular point-of-care testing for remote Australia: a key activity to eliminate rheumatic heart disease
Immunogenicity, otitis media, hearing impairment, and nasopharyngeal carriage 6-months after 13-valent or ten-valent booster pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, stratified by mixed priming schedules: PREVIX_COMBO and PREVIX_BOOST randomised controlled trials
Australian First Nations children are at very high risk of early, recurrent, and persistent bacterial otitis media and respiratory tract infection. With the PREVIX randomised controlled trials, we aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules.
Penicillin G concentrations required for prophylaxis against Group A Streptococcus infection evaluated using a hollow fibre model and mathematical modelling
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF), an autoimmune reaction to Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes; Strep A) infection, can cause rheumatic heart disease (RHD). New formulations of long-acting penicillins are being developed for secondary prophylaxis of ARF and RHD.
The global burden of sore throat and group A Streptococcus pharyngitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Contemporary data for the global burden of sore throat and group A Streptococcus (Strep A) pharyngitis are required to understand the frequency of disease and develop value propositions for Strep A vaccines.
Risk factors for group A streptococcal pharyngitis and skin infections: A case control study
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections can trigger an immune-mediated response resulting in acute rheumatic fever. The role of social and environmental risk factors for GAS pharyngitis and skin infections are not well understood.
Whole genome sequencing and molecular epidemiology of paediatric Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia
The role Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance genes and toxins play in disease severity, management and outcome in childhood is an emerging field requiring further exploration.
Missing Piece Study protocol: Prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia
Group A β-haemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), a Gram-positive bacterium, causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. Repeated GAS infections can lead to autoimmune diseases acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia have the highest rates of ARF and RHD in the world.
Modelling study of the ability to diagnose acute rheumatic fever at different levels of the Ugandan healthcare system
To determine the ability to accurately diagnose acute rheumatic fever given the resources available at three levels of the Ugandan healthcare system.
Improving primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever in Australia: consensus primary care priorities identified through an eDelphi process
To establish the priorities of primary care providers to improve assessment and treatment of skin sores and sore throats among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at risk of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
Rheumatic Heart Disease in Pregnancy: New Strategies for an Old Disease?
RHD in pregnancy (RHD-P) is associated with an increased burden of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A sequellae of rheumatic fever resulting in heart valve damage if untreated, RHD is twice as common in women. In providing an historical overview, this commentary provides context for prevention and treatment in the 21 st century. Four underlying themes inform much of the literature on RHD-P: its association with inequities; often-complex care requirements; demands for integrated care models, and a life-course approach.
Interchangeability, immunogenicity and safety of a combined 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (Synflorix) and 13-valent-PCV (Prevenar13) schedule at 1-2-4-6 months: PREVIX_COMBO, a 3-arm randomised controlled trial
Aboriginal children living in remote communities are at high risk of early and persistent otitis media. Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are primary pathogens. Vaccines with potential to prevent early OM have not been evaluated in this population. We compared immunogenicity (ELISA and opsonophagocytic activity) of a combination of Synflorix™ (PHiD-CV10, 10 serotypes and protein D of NTHi) and Prevenar13™ (PCV13, 10 serotypes plus 3, 6A, and 19A), with recommended schedules.
Pediatric Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Clinical Spectrum and Predictors of Poor Outcome
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bacteremia, yet the epidemiology and predictors of poor outcome remain inadequately defined in childhood. ISAIAH (Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Hospitalizations in children) is a prospective, cross-sectional study of S. aureus bacteremia in children hospitalized in Australia and New Zealand over 24 months.
Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever
The diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever relies on a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies. Diagnosis is usually made using the Jones criteria, which have recently been updated in 2015.
Preventing heart failure: a position paper of the Heart Failure Association in collaboration with the European Association of Preventive Cardiology
The heart failure epidemic is growing and its prevention, in order to reduce associated hospital readmission rates and its clinical and economic burden, is a key issue in modern cardiovascular medicine. The present consensus document aims to provide practical evidence-based information to support the implementation of effective preventive measures.
Secondary Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Latent Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart disease affects more than 40.5 million people worldwide and results in 306,000 deaths annually. Echocardiographic screening detects rheumatic heart disease at an early, latent stage. Whether secondary antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in preventing progression of latent rheumatic heart disease is unknown.
Preventing heart failure: a position paper of the Heart Failure Association in collaboration with the European Association of Preventive Cardiology
The heart failure epidemic is growing and its prevention, in order to reduce associated hospital readmission rates and its clinical and economic burden, is a key issue in modern cardiovascular medicine. The present position paper aims to provide practical evidence-based information to support the implementation of effective preventive measures.
Caring for Pregnant Women with Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Qualitative Study of Health Service Provider Perspectives
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) persists in low-middle-income countries and in high-income countries where there are health inequities. RHD in pregnancy (RHD-P) is associated with poorer maternal and perinatal outcomes. Our study examines models of care for women with RHD-P from the perspectives of health care providers.
The Spectrum, Severity and Outcomes of Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease in Pregnant Women in Australia and New Zealand
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) poses significant perinatal risks. We aimed to describe the spectrum, severity and outcomes of rheumatic mitral valve disease in pregnancy in Australia and New Zealand.
Comparison of group A streptococcal titres in healthy children and those with pharyngitis and skin infections
Rates of acute rheumatic fever, a sequelae of group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection, remain unacceptably high in Indigenous Māori and Pacific children in New Zealand. This prospective study aimed to describe GAS antibody titres in healthy children (5–14 years) by ethnicity, and to determine how paired titres vary with GAS culture positive and negative pharyngitis, and GAS skin infections.
Rheumatic heart disease in The Gambia: clinical and valvular aspects at presentation and evolution under penicillin prophylaxis
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the leading cause of cardiac-related deaths and disability in children and young adults worldwide. In The Gambia, the RHD burden is thought to be high although no data are available and no control programme is yet implemented. We conducted a pilot study to generate baseline data on the clinical and valvular characteristics of RHD patients at first presentation, adherence to penicillin prophylaxis and the evolution of lesions over time.
Searching for a technology-driven acute rheumatic fever test: the START study protocol
The absence of a diagnostic test for acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a major impediment in managing this serious childhood condition. ARF is an autoimmune condition triggered by infection with group A Streptococcus.
Incidence of acute rheumatic fever in northern and western Uganda: a prospective, population-based study
Acute rheumatic fever is infrequently diagnosed in sub-Saharan African countries despite the high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease. We aimed to determine the incidence of acute rheumatic fever in northern and western Uganda.
Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease is a major contributor to loss of physical function, quality of life and longevity. The epidemiology of VHD varies substantially around the world, with a predominance of functional and degenerative disease in high-income countries, and a predominance of rheumatic heart disease in low-income and middle-income countries. Reflecting this distribution, rheumatic heart disease remains by far the most common manifestation of VHD worldwide and affects approximately 41 million people.
Time to address the neglected burden of group A Streptococcus
High risk of early sub-therapeutic penicillin concentrations after intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections in Ethiopian children and adults with rheumatic heart disease
Intramuscular benzathine penicillin G (BPG) injections are a cornerstone of secondary prophylaxis to prevent acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Uncertainties regarding inter-ethnic and preparation variability, and target exposure profiles of BPG injection are key knowledge gaps for RHD control.
Increasing incidence of invasive group A streptococcal disease in Western Australia, particularly among Indigenous people
The incidence of invasive GAS disease in WA increased between 2000 and 2018, particularly among Indigenous Australians. Mandatory notification of invasive GAS disease would therefore be appropriate. The social determinants of differences in incidence should be addressed, and other relevant host, pathogen, and health system factors investigated.
Rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous young peoples
Indigenous children and young peoples live with an inequitable burden of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. In this Review, we focus on the epidemiological burden and lived experience of these conditions for Indigenous young peoples in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. We outline the direct and indirect drivers of rheumatic heart disease risk and their mitigation.
A controlled human infection model of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis (CHIVAS-M75): an observational, dose-finding study
Streptococcus pyogenes is a leading cause of infection-related morbidity and mortality. A reinvigorated vaccine development effort calls for new clinically relevant human S pyogenes experimental infection models to support proof of concept evaluation of candidate vaccines. We describe the initial Controlled Human Infection for Vaccination Against S pyogenes (CHIVAS-M75) study, in which we aimed to identify a dose of emm75 S pyogenes that causes acute pharyngitis in at least 60% of volunteers when applied to the pharynx by swab.
Modes of transmission and attack rates of group A Streptococcal infection: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity globally. This bacterium is responsible for a range of different infections and post-infectious sequelae. Summarising the current knowledge of Strep A transmission to humans will address gaps in the evidence and inform prevention and control strategies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the modes of transmission and attack rates of group A streptococcal infection in human populations.
The economic and health burdens of diseases caused by group A Streptococcus in New Zealand
In preparation for the future arrival of a group A Streptococcus (GAS) vaccine, this study estimated the economic and health burdens of GAS diseases in New Zealand. The annual incidence of GAS diseases was based on extrapolation of the average number of primary healthcare episodes managed each year in general practices (2014-2016) and on the average number of hospitalizations occurring each year (2005-2014). Disease incidence was multiplied by the average cost of diagnosing and managing an episode of disease at each level of care to estimate the annual economic burden.
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.
Ending rheumatic heart disease in Australia: the evidence for a new approach
The RHD Endgame Strategy: the blueprint to eliminate rheumatic heart disease in Australia by 2031 (the Endgame Strategy) is the blueprint to eliminate rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in Australia by 2031. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live with one of the highest per capita burdens of RHD in the world.
Estimation of the force of infection and infectious period of skin sores in remote Australian communities using interval-censored data
Prevalence of impetigo (skin sores) remains high in remote Australian Aboriginal communities, Fiji, and other areas of socio-economic disadvantage. Skin sore infections, driven primarily in these settings by Group A Streptococcus (GAS) contribute substantially to the disease burden in these areas. Despite this, estimates for the force of infection, infectious period and basic reproductive ratio-all necessary for the construction of dynamic transmission models-have not been obtained.
Quality of benzathine penicillin G: A multinational cross-sectional study
Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is used as first-line treatment for most forms of syphilis and as secondary prophylaxis against rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Perceptions that poor quality of BPG is linked to reported adverse effects and therapeutic failure may impact syphilis and RHD control programs. Clinical networks and web-based advertising were used to obtain vials of BPG from a wide range of countries.
Subcutaneous administration of benzathine benzylpenicillin G has favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics for the prevention of rheumatic heart disease compared with intramuscular injection
Benzathine penicillin G has been used as monthly deep intramuscular (IM) injections since the 1950s for secondary prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Injection frequency and pain are major programmatic barriers for adherence, prompting calls for development of better long-acting penicillin preparations to prevent RHD.
Progress towards a coordinated, national paediatric antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme
These data support that children are not just 'little adults' in the AMR era, and analyses by age group are important to detect differences in antibiotic susceptibility
10-Valent pneumococcal non-typeable H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine versus 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) as a booster dose
18 months of age infants receiving 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine will have higher antibody levels
Reference exome data for Australian Aboriginal populations to support health-based research
Our data set provides a useful reference point for genomic studies on Aboriginal Australians
Lessons learned in genetic research with Indigenous Australian participants
We reflect on the lessons learned from a recent genome‐wide association study of rheumatic heart disease with Aboriginal Australian participants
RE-AIM evaluation of a teacher-delivered programme to improve the self-regulation of children attending Australian Aboriginal community primary schools
Benefits in teaching the Alert Program® to students in a region with high reported rates of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and self-regulation impairment
Barriers and enablers of health service utilisation for childhood skin infections in remote aboriginal communities of Western Australia
Health service utilisation in this setting may be enhanced by improving general awareness of the significance of childhood skin infections
Prevalence of Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcal Throat Carriage and Prospective Pilot Surveillance of Streptococcal Sore Throat in Ugandan School Children
The Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pharyngeal carriage rates seen in Uganda (15.9%) are higher than the most recent pooled results globally, at 12%
The high prevalence and impact of rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy in First Nations populations in a high-income setting: a prospective cohort study
Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy persists in First Nations people in Australia and New Zealand and is associated with major cardiac and perinatal morbidity
Standardizing clinical care measures of rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: A qualitative synthesis
Pregnancy provides an opportunity to strengthen health system responses and address whole-of-life health for women with rheumatic heart disease
SToP (See, Treat, Prevent) skin sores and scabies trial: study protocol for a cluster randomised, stepped-wedge trial for skin disease control in remote Western Australia
Skin infection burden in remote Aboriginal communities can be reduced by the See, Treat, Prevent (SToP skin sores and scabies) trial
Talking skin: Attitudes and practices around skin infections, treatment options, and their clinical management in a remote region in Western Australia
Documenting carer, service provider and healthcare practitioner perspectives on skin infections provides more understanding of the context of treatment decisions
Perinatal risk factors associated with skin infection hospitalisation in Western Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal children
We have quantified the relative influence of perinatal risk factors associated with skin infection hospitalisations in WA children
The Path to Group A Streptococcus Vaccines: World Health Organization Research and Development Technology Roadmap and Preferred Product Characteristics
Here, the role, status, and directions in Group A Streptococcus vaccines research are discussed
Understanding group A streptococcal pharyngitis and skin infections as causes of rheumatic fever: Protocol for a prospective disease incidence study
This study will identify the incidence of true Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis and serological responses to Group A Streptococcal GAS skin infections
A population pharmacokinetic study of benzathine benzylpenicillin G administration in children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease
Few children and adolescents receiving BPG as secondary prophylaxis will achieve concentrations >0.02 mg/L for the majority of the time between injections
Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability and agreement of echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease using the World Heart Federation evidence-based criteria
The WHF echocardiographic criteria enable reproducible categorisation of echocardiograms as definite RHD versus no or borderline RHD
Severe adverse events following benzathine penicillin G injection for rheumatic heart disease prophylaxis: cardiac compromise more likely than anaphylaxis
These results indicate that anaphylaxis is not a major cause of adverse reactions to benzathine penicillin G
Controlled human infection for vaccination against Streptococcus pyogenes (CHIVAS): Establishing a group A Streptococcus pharyngitis human infection study
We review the Group A Streptococcus Human infection studies and present the study protocol for a dose-ranging inpatient study in healthy adults
Atlas of group A streptococcal vaccine candidates compiled using large-scale comparative genomics
We identified the existence of more than 290 clinically associated genomic phylogroups across 22 countries, highlighting challenges in designing vaccines of global utility
High burden of infectious disease and antibiotic use in early life in Australian Aboriginal communities
Early life infections drive high antibiotic prescribing rates in remote Aboriginal communities
Low positive predictive value of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes in relation to rheumatic heart disease: a challenge for global surveillance
We outline a series of research initiatives to improve identification of RHD in administrative data thereby contributing to monitoring the RHD burden globally
Treatment, prevention and public health management of impetigo, scabies, crusted scabies and fungal skin infections in endemic populations: a systematic review
Systematic review of the treatment, prevention and public health control of skin infections in resource-limited settings where skin infections are endemic
Seasonal and regional patterns of lower leg cellulitis in Western Australia
In the warmer tropical regions of WA no seasonality was observed, but overall incidence of LLC presentations were higher
Environmental and social determinants of acute rheumatic fever: a longitudinal cohort study
Prevention strategies in ARF endemic settings may be enhanced by targeting new members entering a community and children in environments of close contact
Time to tackle rheumatic heart disease: Data needed to drive global policy dialogues
This report provides an update on the contemporary global and regional policy landscapes relevant to rheumatic heart disease
The fall and rise of Group A Streptococcus diseases
We overview the changing epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus infections and the genetic alterations that accompany the emergence of Group A Streptococcus strains
How many doses make a difference? An analysis of secondary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
increased adherence to penicillin prophylaxis is associated with reduced acute rheumatic fever recurrence and a likely reduction in mortality
Dysregulated IL-1β-GM-CSF Axis in Acute Rheumatic Fever That Is Limited by Hydroxychloroquine
We propose that hydroxychloroquine could be repurposed to reduce the risk of rheumatic heart disease after acute rheumatic fever
Australian researchers oppose funding from the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
Research and research funding must be independent of the tobacco industry, which continues to cause so much suffering
An economic case for a vaccine to prevent group A streptococcus skin infections
A vaccine that prevents GAS cellulitis and other skin infections, in addition to throat infections, would maximise its value and commercial viability
Epidemiology and risk factors for recurrent severe lower limb cellulitis: a longitudinal cohort study
Severe lower leg cellulitis recurrences are frequent, and each episode increases the likelihood of subsequent recurrence and length of hospitalization
Severe lower limb cellulitis: Defining the epidemiology and risk factors for primary episodes in a population-based case-control study
Severe lower leg cellulitis presents a major burden to the health sector and is increasing with an ageing population
Primary prevention of rheumatic fever in the 21st century: evaluation of a national programme
Population-based primary prevention of ARF through sore throat management may be effective in well-resourced settings like New Zealand
Rheumatic Heart Disease Worldwide: JACC Scientific Expert Panel
The authors present a variety of pressing clinical research questions on optimal RHD prevention and advanced care
Ascertaining infectious disease burden through primary care clinic attendance among young Aboriginal children living in four remote communities in Western Australia
Improved public health measures targeting bacterial skin infections are needed to reduce this high burden of skin infections in Western Australia
Investigation of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in an emerging sequence type 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone reveals discrepant resistance reporting
Our findings are crucial in demonstrating that the Northern Territory STS clone is not STX resistant
Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: How can health services adapt to the needs of Indigenous women? A qualitative study
Health systems did not meet the needs of pregnant Aboriginal women with rheumatic heart disease
Scabies and risk of skin sores in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: A self-controlled case series study
The association between scabies and skin sores is highly significant and indicates a causal relationship
Improving delivery of secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease in a high-burden setting: Outcome of a stepped-wedge, community, randomized trial
This strategy did not improve adherence to rheumatic heart disease secondary prophylaxis within the study time frame.
Qualitative Evaluation of a Complex Intervention to Improve Rheumatic Heart Disease Secondary Prophylaxis
A multifaceted intervention was implemented using quality improvement and chronic care model approaches to improve delivery of penicillin prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease
Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a group a streptococcus vaccine candidate (mj8vax) in a randomized clinical trial
Intramuscular administration of novel acetylated peptide-protein conjugate vaccine candidate MJ8VAX was demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic
Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia
The young age of the first infection with skin sores and scabies reflects the high disease burden in these communities
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Knowledge, attitudes, experiences and practices of the Western Australian youth custodial workforce
This study aims to establish the current knowledge, attitudes, experiences and practices regarding FASD and other neurodevelopmental impairments among youth custodial officers
Development of an opsonophagocytic killing assay for group a streptococcus
This Group A Streptococcus OPKA assay has the potential to provide a robust and reproducible platform to accelerate GAS vaccine development
Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia
Prevalence of skin sores and scabies in remote Australian Aboriginal communities remains unacceptably high, with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) the dominant pathogen. We aim to better understand the drivers of GAS transmission using mathematical models.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Risk Factors for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Aboriginal Australians Provides Support for Pathogenic Molecular Mimicry
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) after group A streptococcus (GAS) infections is heritable and prevalent in Indigenous populations. Molecular mimicry between human and GAS proteins triggers proinflammatory cardiac valve-reactive T cells.
Lessons learned in the development of sustained release penicillin drug delivery systems for the prophylactic treatment of rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
The current prophylactic treatment to prevent rheumatic heart disease requires four-weekly intramuscular injection of a suspension of the poorly soluble benzathine salt form of penicillin G (BPG) often for more than 10 years. In seeking to reduce the frequency of administration to improve adherence, biodegradable polymer matrices have been investigated.
Development of an opsonophagocytic killing assay for Group A Streptococcus
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) or Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide each year.
Rheumatic heart disease in Timor-Leste school students: an echocardiography-based prevalence study
The rates of RHD in Timor-Leste are among the highest in the world, and prevalence is higher among girls than boys. Community engagement is essential for ensuring follow-up and the effective delivery of secondary prophylaxis.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study
The age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are considerably higher than the global average
Rheumatic heart disease in Timor-Leste school students: an echocardiography-based prevalence study
The rates of RHD in Timor-Leste are among the highest in the world, and prevalence is higher among girls than boys
The NICE-GUT trial protocol: A randomised, placebo controlled trial of oral nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of acute gastroenteritis among Australian Aboriginal children
Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years globally, killing 525 000 annually. Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) children suffer a high burden of disease.
Hospital admissions for skin infections among Western Australian children and adolescents from 1996 to 2012
Skin infections are a significant cause of severe disease, requiring hospitalization in Western Australian children, particularly with Aboriginal children
Rheumatic heart disease: infectious disease origin, chronic care approach.
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic cardiac condition with an infectious aetiology, causing high disease burden in low-income settings.
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (Cotrimoxazole) for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Including Impetigo, Cellulitis, and Abscess
We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies that address the utility of SXT for SSTI treatment, caused by either GAS or MRSA
Hospital admissions for skin infections among Western Australian children and adolescents from 1996 to 2012
The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of skin infection associated hospitalizations in children born in Western Australia (WA).
Global, regional, & national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990-2015
We estimated the global disease prevalence of and mortality due to rheumatic heart disease over a 25-year period
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study
The age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are considerably higher than the global average.
Clinical outcomes for young people with screening-detected and clinically-diagnosed rheumatic heart disease in Fiji
Young people with screening-detected RHD have worse health outcomes than screen-negative cases in Fiji.
Disparity in Mortality From Rheumatic Heart Disease in Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are much more likely to die from Rheumatic Heart Disease than other Australians.
Adherence to secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease is underestimated by register data.
Adequate resources are needed for maintenance of data quality in acute rheumatic fever/ rheumatic heart disease registers to ensure provision of evidence-based care and accurate assessment of program impact.
Repeat pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Indigenous Australian adults is associated with decreased immune responsiveness
These findings highlight the critical need to evaluate the efficacy of future pneumococcal vaccine programs in the Australian Indigenous populations that recommend repeated doses of 23vPPV.
Strongyloides seroprevalence before and after an ivermectin mass drug administration in a remote Australian Aboriginal community
We report the impact on Strongyloides seroprevalence after two oral ivermectin mass drug administrations (MDAs) delivered 12 months apart in a remote Australian Aboriginal community.
Clinical development strategy for a candidate group A streptococcal vaccine
This review outlines a clinical development strategy detailing the phases of development required for registration of a candidate Group A streptococci vaccin
Rheumatic Heart Disease Severity, Progression and Outcomes: A Multi‐State Model
The prognosis of young Indigenous Australians diagnosed with severe RHD is bleak; interventions must focus on earlier detection and treatment
Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in indigenous Australian children: A cost-utility analysis
Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease is cost-effective in our context
Streptococcus, Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Considerations
A directed approach to the differential diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever now includes the concept of low-risk versus medium-to-high risk populations
Rheumatic heart disease across the Western Pacific: not just a Pacific Island problem
We aimed to review RHD burden in Western Pacific Region outside Oceania to identify countries with high RHD burden
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015
Total global disability-adjusted life-years remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015
Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015
Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years in 1980 to 71·8 years in 2015
Preliminary consultation on preferred product characteristics of benzathine penicillin G for secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
A sample target product profile for reformulated benzathine penicillin G is presented
Protocol for the systematic review of the prevention, treatment and public health management of impetigo, scabies and fungal skin infections in resource-limited settings
The evidence derived from the review will be used to inform the development of guidelines for the management of skin infections in resource-limited settings
Efficacy of a trivalent influenza vaccine against seasonal strains and against 2009 pandemic H1N1: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
This study assessed the efficacy of seasonal IIV3s against influenza due to 2008 and 2009 seasonal influenza strains and against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain
Transiently increased IgE responses in infants and pre-schoolers receiving only (DTaP) vaccines compared to those initially receiving at least one dose of DTwP vaccine
Confirm the generalised IgE-trophic activity of the DTaP vaccine in pre-schoolers and demonstrate similar (albeit transient) effects in infants
Long-term outcomes from acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Adverse outcomes for people with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and the effect of comorbidities and demographic factors on these outcomes
Impetigo and scabies - Disease burden and modern treatment strategies
Recent data on the epidemiology of impetigo and scabies and describe the current evidence around approaches to individual and community based treatment
Status of research and development of vaccines for Streptococcus pyogenes
Vaccines against Streptococcus pyogenes are considered as impeded vaccines because of a number of crucial barriers to development
Focused cardiac ultrasound screening for rheumatic heart disease by briefly trained health workers: A study of diagnostic accuracy
Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) can identify individuals with subclinical disease who could benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis.
Seven key actions to eradicate rheumatic heart disease in Africa: The Addis Ababa communiqu
Develop a 'roadmap' of key actions that need to be taken by governments to eliminate ARF and eradicate RHD in Africa
The Importance of Scabies Co-Infection in the Treatment Considerations for Impetigo
Treatment success for scabies co-infection was lower than for impetigo overall, with a higher success seen in the co-trimoxazole group than benzylpenicillin
Towards Improving Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Non-malaria Febrile Illness: A Metabolomics Approach
This study demonstrates the potential use of plasma metabolites to identify causality in children with severe febrile illness in malaria-endemic settings
Whole genome sequencing reveals extensive community-level transmission of group A Streptococcus in remote communities
There was evidence of extensive transmission of group A Streptococcus both within households and across the community
Myositis complicating benzathine penicillin-G injection in a case of rheumatic heart disease
A 7-year old boy developed myositis secondary to intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin-G in the context of secondary prophylaxis for RF
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is the result of an autoimmune response to pharyngitis caused by infection with group A Streptococcus.
A systematic review of the evidence that swimming pools improve health and wellbeing in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia
The benefits that swimming pools may bring to to ear and eye health in remote Aboriginal communities remains unresolved
Improving delivery of secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease in remote Indigenous communities
This trial aims to improve uptake of secondary prophylaxis among Aboriginal people with ARF/RHD to reduce progression or worsening of RHD.
Screening for rheumatic heart disease: Quality and agreement of focused cardiac ultrasound by briefly trained health workers
After brief training, health workers with no prior experience in echocardiography can obtain adequate quality images and make a reliable assessment
The inequitable burden of group A streptococcal diseases in Indigenous Australians
Given the ongoing mortality and morbidity from GAS infections, we must address more effectively the treatment and prevention of GAS impetigo and pharyngitis
PneuMum: Impact from a trial of maternal pneumococcal vaccination on middle ear disease amongst Indigenous infants
This study was unable to demonstrate efficacy of 23vPPV in pregnancy against the co-primary outcomes of either all-cause infant ear disease.
Development of Group A streptococcal vaccines: an unmet global health need
This review provides an update on the current status of Group A Streptococcus vaccine development, & describes global efforts to accelerate the development...
Changes in the clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in Australia's Northern Territory
This study adds to emerging data suggesting increasing importance of iGAS in low- and middle-income settings globally.
Rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous children in northern Australia: Differences in prevalence and the challenges of screening
This study compared regional differences in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous Australian children, and describes the logistical and...
The global epidemiology of impetigo: A systematic review of the population prevalence of impetigo and pyoderma
We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma.
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries
These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development.
The 2015 revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever: Implications for practice in low-income and middle-income countries
This article discusses the 2015 revision of the Jones criteria by the American Heart Association for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever.
Disparity in Mortality From Rheumatic Heart Disease in Indigenous Australians
This study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive examination of rheumatic heart disease mortality rates and trends in Indigenous Australians.
Rheumatic heart disease among adults in a mining community of Papua, Indonesia: findings from an occupational cohort
To describe the pattern of RHD occurrence in a sample of presenting cases from an occupational cohort in Papua Province, Indonesia.
Are minor echocardiographic changes associated with an increased risk of acute rheumatic fever or progression to rheumatic heart disease?
We aimed to determine the significance of minor heart valve abnormalities, including Borderline RHD, in predicting the future risk of acute rheumatic fever.
Comparison of approaches to rheumatic fever surveillance across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries.
Rheumatic fever (RF) prevention, control and surveillance are increasingly important priorities in New Zealand (NZ) and Australia.
Sore throat: Is it such a big deal anymore?
This review article addresses the driving factors associated with diagnosis and treatment of sore throats caused by Group A streptococcus.
Evolution, Evidence and Effect of Secondary Prophylaxis Against Rheumatic Fever
The association between group A streptococcal infection and rheumatic fever (RF) was established in the early 20th century.
The prevention, diagnosis and management of central venous line infections in children
With advancing paediatric healthcare, the use of central venous lines has become a fundamental part of management of neonates and children.
Post-infectious group A streptococcal autoimmune syndromes and the heart
ARF is a classical example of an autoimmune syndrome and is of particular immunological interest because it follows a known antecedent infection with group A...
Controlling acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries: Are we getting closer?
Improved opportunities for the primary prevention of ARF now exist, because of point-of-care antigen tests for Streptococcus pyogenes, and clinical decision...
The stark reality of rheumatic heart disease
This editorial refers to ‘Characteristics, complications, and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: the Global Rheumatic Heart...
Impact of an Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration on Scabies Prevalence in a Remote Australian Aboriginal Community.
Scabies is endemic in many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, with 69% of infants infected in the first year of life.
Pediatric sepsis in the developing world.
Sepsis is the leading killer of children worldwide, but this is not reflected in estimates of global mortality.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines PREVenar13 and SynflorIX in sequence or alone in high-risk indigenous infants (PREV-IX-COMBO)
Otitis media (OM) starts within weeks of birth in almost all Indigenous infants living in remote areas of the Northern Territory (NT).
The microbiology of impetigo in Indigenous children
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of impetigo pathogens in a randomised, controlled trial of impetigo treatment conducted in remote Indigenous communities
Susceptibility to acute rheumatic fever based on differential expression of genes involved in cytotoxicity, chemotaxis, and apoptosis
Differences in the immune response, detectable by gene expression, between individuals who are susceptible to ARF and those who are not
Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in young adults from New Caledonia
The prevalence of echocardiographically diagnosed RHD in adults in New Caledonia is estimated at 5.9 per 1000
Standardising and assessing digital images for use in clinical trials: A practical, reproducible method that blinds the assessor to treatment allocation
We describe the development and evaluation of a protocol for digital image collection by the non-professional photographer in a remote setting research trial
Management of invasive group A streptococcal infections
Invasive group A streptococcal disease in children includes deep soft tissue infection, bacteraemia, bacteraemic pneumonia, meningitis and osteomyelitis
The case for global investment in rheumatic heart-disease control
The review built a case for extending simple and cost–effective measures to all countries. Had these recommendations been put into action, significant...
Short-course oral co-trimoxazole versus intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin for impetigo in a highly endemic region
The major burden of disease is in developing and tropical settings where topical antibiotics are impractical and lead to rapid emergence of antimicrobial...
Invasive group A streptococcal infection in the Northern Territory, Australia: Case report and review of the literature
This review article presents the case of infant Aboriginal twins with invasive group A streptococcal infection complicated by streptococcal toxic shock...
Nitazoxanide for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in the Northern Territory, Australia 2007-2012
This paper examines the use of a new antibiotic to treat diarrhoea cause by Cryptosporidium infection in Australian Indigenous children.
Working towards a Group A Streptococcal vaccine: Report of a collaborative Trans-Tasman workshop
This paper is a report on progress towards a joint Australian and New Zealand vaccination program for Group A Streptococcus bacteria, which causes serious...
A systematic and functional classification of Streptococcus pyogenes that serves as a new tool for molecular typing and vaccine development.
This publication is a systematic analysis of all Group A Streptococcus M protein variants, to assist in the development of a vaccine.
Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections
This paper reports on treatment, and preventing infection in close contact, of invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) using the antibiotic clindamycin and...
Formal infectious diseases consultations at a tertiary pediatric hospital: A 14-year review
We analyzed the formal consultations seen by the infectious diseases service over a 14-year period at one of the largest pediatric hospitals in Australia.
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Children in Tropical Northern Australia
We conducted a retrospective review for all cases of S aureus bacteremia and sterile site infections, for children under 15 years, in northern Australia over...
Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in high and low risk Australian children
We aimed to establish the prevalence of RHD in high-risk Indigenous Australian children using these criteria and to compare the findings with a group of...
Echocardiographic screening in a resource poor setting: Borderline rheumatic heart disease could be a normal variant
Cross-sectional observational study across ten primary schools in Fiji in school children aged 5-14 years.
Changes in the clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in Australia's northern territory
We aimed to measure the incidence and severity of invasive Group A Strep disease in the NT since 1996.
The clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Fiji
We observed S. aureus infections in Fiji in both community and hospital settings with an emphasis on clonal complex genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility.
Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013
We generated updated estimates of child mortality in various age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013.
Extensive Diversity of Streptococcus pyogenes in a Remote Human Population Reflects Global-Scale Transmission Rather than Localised Diversification
The Indigenous population of the Northern Territory of Australia (NT) suffers from a very high burden of Streptococcus pyogenes disease, including cardiac...
Continued challenge of rheumatic heart disease: The gap of understanding or the gap of implementation?
We still do not have a RF vaccine, although the recent announcement that the Australian and New Zealand governments are jointly sponsoring a program to fast...
The second rheumatic heart disease forum report
Building on the foundation of the first RHD forum, over 150 interested participants met to discuss critical issues on the RHD landscape.
Utility of auscultatory screening for detecting rheumatic heart disease in high-risk children in Australia's Northern Territory
Sensitivity and positive predictive value of cardiac auscultation compared with echocardiography is poor, regardless of the expertise of the auscultator.
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Incidence and progression in the Northern Territory of Australia 1997 -2010
The reduction in ARF recurrence indicates that the RHD control program has improved secondary prophylaxis; a decline in RHD incidence is expected to follow.
Updated model of group A Streptococcus M proteins based on a comprehensive worldwide study
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) M protein is an important virulence factor and potential vaccine antigen, and constitutes the basis for strain typing (emm-typing).
Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease
In the 21st century, rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are neglected diseases of marginalized communities.
Comparison of three methods for the recovery of skin pathogens from impetigo swabs collected in a remote community of Northern Territory, Australia
Immediate plating of impetigo swabs is the gold standard for bacterial recovery but is rarely feasible in remote regions.
Group A streptococcal vaccines: Paving a path for accelerated development
Vaccine prevention of GAS infections and their immunological complications has been a goal of researchers for decades.
Attendances during the First 12 Months of Life for Aboriginal Children in Five Remote Communities of Northern Australia
The median number of presentations per child in the first year of life was 21 with multiple reasons for presentation.
Progress toward a global group a streptococcal vaccine
The desire for an effective vaccine arises from the large burden of disease caused by the bacterium, particularly rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
Acute Rheumatic Fever and Chronic Rheumatic Disease
This chapter describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management principles of acute rheumatic fever.
Swimming pools in remote Aboriginal communities
Providing remote communities with access to chlorinated swimming pools has been considered as a possible strategy for reducing ear and skin infection rates...
A national prospective surveillance study of acute rheumatic fever in Australian children
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an important cause of heart disease in Indigenous people of northern and central Australia.
Screening for rheumatic heart disease: current approaches and controversies
In endemic areas, RHD has long been a target of screening programmes that, historically, have relied on cardiac auscultation.
Group A Streptococcal Diseases and Their Global Burden
We review GAS transmission characteristics and prevention strategies, historical and geographical trends and report on the estimated global burden disease...
Preventing urinary tract infections in early childhood
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children, causes them considerable discomfort, as well as distress to parents and has a tendency to recur.
The Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) occur at very high rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Active Collaborations
Local Collaborations:
- Aboriginal Health Council of WA
- Curtin University
- Department of Health, Western Australia
- Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services
- Western Australia Heath Translation Network
National Collaborations:
- Charles Darwin University
- END RHD
- Griffith University
- Menzies School of Health Research
- Minderoo Foundation
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
- University of Melbourne
- University of Sydney
- Victoria University
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
International Collaborations:
- Medtronic Philanthropy
- Novartis Institute of Global Health Research
- Otago University
- University of Auckland
- University of Cape Town
- World Heart Federation